`<< @@@ @@@@G<< EN DB <    siBGv Gamman19746i#NOAA Coastal Services Center1998& Norris1970 Norris1991Nybakken1971NNybakken1975Nybakken1975Nybakken1977Nybakken1977Nybakken1978[Nybakken1980Nybakken1982Nybakken19969 Nystrom1950'!Office of Coastal Zone Management1978'!Office of Coastal Zone Management1979'!Office of Coastal Zone Management1979 Oliverm Oliver Oliver* Oliver Oliver3 Oliver1977 Oliver19800 Oliver1980 Oliver1981 Oliver1981  Oliver1981 Oliver19828I Oliver1985 Oliver1988  Oliver1988> Oliver19929? Oliver19929 Oliver1996  Olshansky1982^ Olshansky1986  Onuf1978  Osborn1985 Oxman1992 Oxman1995: Pace19779 Pace1978' Pacific Gas and Electric Company1963' Pacific Gas and Electric Company1973' Pacific Gas and Electric Company1983[ Page19801f Page19899# Page19911g Page19941 Page1999 Parker19868 Parker1997e Passman1996 Patch1979 Patch1984 Peterson1978#Philip Williams & Associates1992Phillips1985Phillips1986Phillips1988Phillips1997 Piekarski1997 Pine1968 Pittman1995\PrestPrickett1971  Procaccini1994 Puglise2000 Quammen1978 Ramer1985 Ramer1989  Ramer1990! Ramer1990" Ramer1990# Ramer1991$ Ramer1991% Ramer1992& Ramer1992' Ramer1993( Ramer1993) Reilly19786* Reilly1979 Reilly1981+ Rein1999, Rein1999- Reis1999.' Resource Planning and Management1986/ Rice19930 Rice19941Richards19522 Richman19973 Risebrough19804 Risebrough1985Robitsch196665 Rochin19676 Rodeick1969 Roe19877 Roedick1969o Ross19888p Ross199118 Ruagh1976 Ruiz199519 Rumrill1994: San Filippo1995Saunders1988; Schafer1991<Scharffenberger1999=Scharffenberger2002> Schettler1984? Schettler1984@ Schettler1985A Schew1994B Schoenherr1984CScholten1991D Schultz1979 Schwartzr SchwartzrESchwartz1983FSchwartz1986 Schwartz1988/ Seltenrich19930 Seltenrich1994 Sepp19666 Seto19800 Shaffer 19787 Shaw199798 Shaw19979 Shaw19979G Shonman1981f Shuford1989H Siewers1995> Silberstein1984I Silberstein1985J Silberstein1989< Silberstein1990K Silberstein1990L Silberstein1991 Silberstein1993 Silberstein1993 Silberstein19967 Silberstein19978 Silberstein1997M Silberstein1997 Silberstein1997X Silberstein1998NSilliman1915Slattery1977 Slattery1981Slattery19969O Sliger1980P Sliger1982QSmallR Small1983S Small1984T Smith1969U Smith1970, Smith1972V Smith1972W Smith1973X Smith1974Y Smith1977Z Smith1982h Smith1982i Smith1985j Smith1986[ Smith1987k Smith1987 Smith1992\Sohst]Soil Conservation Service1978^Soil Conservation Service1984_Soil Conservation Service1994` Solem2000a Spanne1979/ Spies19930 Spies1994b Spratt198263Springer1980lcStanbury1994d70State of California Department of Transportation1980e Stein1984 Steinberg1955f Stenzel1989g Stenzel1994 Stenzel1999h Stephenson1982 Stephenson1984i Stephenson1985j Stephenson1986k Stephenson1987l Stephenson1995m Stevens1988: Stevenson1977 Stevenson1992j Stone1991 Suba19949n Supplee1986 Swezey1993M Swezey1997o Talent1973p Talent1973q Talent1976r Talent1982s Talent1985t Tarpley19868 Thomasberg19979 Tjeerdema1993 Tjeerdema1994l Tjeerdema1995 Tjeerdema1997M Tjeerdema1997 Tjeerdema1997u Tomich1993v Toomey1992w Toomey1993x Toomey1995y Toomey1995z Toomey1995{ Toomey1996p Tran19911 Trice1967| Turner1972Z Tuttle19800\ Tuttle19811] Tuttle19855}?8U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service1980~#U.S. Army Corps of Engineers1937#U.S. Army Corps of Engineers1965#U.S. Army Corps of Engineers1967#U.S. Army Corps of Engineers1974%U.S. Department of Agriculture1994e!U.S. Department of Commerce1979!U.S. Department of Commerce1990dG@U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration1980%U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service197892U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration1971-&U.S. Office of Coastal Zone Management19795 Uyeda1994 Van Coops1998Van Dyke2001 Vega1999Von Thun2000WAC Corp1987M3 Walker19808 Ward1995 Ward19988gWarriner1994gWarriner1994 Wasson2001Water Resources Engineers1968Water Resources Engineers1969Watershed Institute1996 Watson1995 Wenner2001 Wentworth1966 Werner1990 Werner1993 Werner1993 Werner1994M Werner1997 Werner1997u White19937 White19978 White1997 Wickham1987!Willis and Associates Inc.1977 Wilson1992g Wilson19949Winstead1991 Witt19666 Witt1967ol Wolf19888Wong Wong1989Woolfolk1998Woolfolk1999 Wright1992 Wunderlich1993M Wunderlich19977 Yamada1996 Yap1998Yoder/Orlob Associates1968 Yoklavich1982 Yoklavich1982# Yoklavich1991 Yoklavich1991 Yoklavich1992 Yoklavich1996 Yoklavich?? Yudin1990M Zembsch1997 Zimmerman1991  Zimmerman1993  Zimmerman1994 Zimmerman1994Shaffer 19787 Shaw199798 Shaw19979G Shonman1981H Siewers1995> Silberstein1984I Silberstein1985J Silberstein1989< Silberstein1990K Silberstein1990L Silberstein1991 Silberstein19967 Silberstein19978 Silberstein1997M Silberstein1997X Silberstein1998NSilliman1915Slattery1977 Slattery1981Slattery19969O Sliger1980P Sliger1982QSmallR Small1983S Small1984T Smith1969U Smith1970, Smith1972V Smith1972W Smith1973X Smith1974Y Smith1977Z Smith1982[ Smith1987 Smith1992\Sohst]Soil Conservation Service1978/ Spies19930 Spies19943Springer1980l Steinberg1955 Stenzel1999 Stephenson1984: Stevenson1977j Stone1991 Suba19949M Swezey19978 Thomasberg19979 Tjeerdema1994 Tjeerdema1997M Tjeerdema1997p Tran19911 Trice1967Z Tuttle19800\ Tuttle19811] Tuttle19855WAC Corp1987M3 Walker19808 Ward19988M Werner19977 White19978 White1997 Witt19666 Witt1967ol Wolf19888M Wunderlich19977# Yoklavich1991 Yoklavich1996 Yoklavich??M Zembsch1997  Zimmerman1993  Zimmerman1994man1993  Zimmerman1994L !"$%&()*,-/0p12937r4:8<=>?ABOCDFHJKLMQSPRYT^VZ[\`]hbcdofklm Authorsa6 JournalsF Keywords E;                                . P aaaakey Aarons, HeidiABA ConsultantsAckerman, L.T. Adams, J.R.Adams, Peter B.Addicott, W.O. Agee, B.A.Alberte, R. S. Alberte, R.S.Alberte, Randall S. Alessi, C.F. Ali, S.M. Allen, B. Allen, J.K. Allen, L. G. Ambrose, D.Ambrose, D. A.Ambrose, David A.Anderson, B. S.Anderson, B.S.Anderson, D.W. Andres, D.R. Andresen, R. Antrim, B. Antrim, B. S. Antrim, B.S.Antrim, Brooke S.Appiah, J.C., Jr. Armbrust, E. Arnal, R.E. Arp, A. J. Arp, A.J.0,Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments Baba, P. Baird, Brian Baldridge, A. Baltz, D.M. Bane, S.Barendregt, Robert D. Barrett, E.M. Barry, J. P. Barry, J.P.Barry, James P. Beal, Brian Beau, M. Becker, R. Beeman, R. D. Beeman, R.D. Belknap, D.F. Bennett, J. Benson, S.Bidstrup, Frances C. Blake, J. A.Blankinship, M.S.Bodovitz, J.E. Bok, S. Bowes, G.W. Brantner, J. Breda, V.A.Bridgewater, B. Briggs, K. Broenkow, W.Broenkow, W. W.Broenkow, William W.Broenkow, William Walter Brown, M. Brown, MarthaBrowning, Bruce M.Buchanan, S.C.Byers, James E. Byers, JE Byrnes, P.E.Cabello-Pasini, A. Caffrey, J.Caffrey, J. M. Caffrey, J.M Caffrey, J.M. Cailliet, G.Cailliet, G. M. Cailliet, G.MCailliet, G.M.Cailliet, Gregor M.,)California Bureau of Sanitary Engineering California Coastal Commission,&California Department of Fish and Game(%California Department of Public Works,'California Department of Transportation,'California Deptartment of Fish and GameHECalifornia Regional Water Quality Control Board--Central Coast Region$!California State Lands CommissionCampbell, EileenCanright, Anne Cermak, J. Chapman, J.W. Cheiker, S. Chen, Joyce Ciandro, S.G. Clark, J. E. Clark, J.R. Clark, L.R. Clark, P. Clark, P.C. Coale, S.L.Cochran, Susan AlleneCogswell, H.L. Cohen, D.B. Cohen, J. Colbert, D.Collins, Charles T. Commerce, U.S. Department of Connors, E.Consultants, ABAConverse, Hugh Cooper, J.W.Courtney, L.A.Crampton, Todd Alan Crane, D.Crawford Multari & Starr,&Creative Environment Conservation Inc. Culley, A. Cutter, L. Dalia, W.E. Davis, J.de Lappe, B.W.De Vogelaere, A. DeMars, E.W.Dempster, R. P. Detomaso, A. deVlaming, V. DeVogelaere Dickert, T.Dickert, T. G.Dickert, Thomas G. Dietz, S. A. Dodd, T. Dondero, S.Doyle, M.J., Jr.Duffy, Allison Eastman, S. Eaton, R. A. EDAW, Inc.Eissinger, R. A.Eissinger, R.A.Elkhorn Slough Clam Beds85Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary Advisory Committee82Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Elston, R. A. Emery, K. O. Emmett, R.L. Englund, M. Epel, D.ESCA-Tech Corporation Estes, J.A. Eufemia, N. Evans, A.D. Fain, S. R.Fain, Steven R. Farley, C. A. Farrel, B. Faurot, E.Feinholz, Daniela M.Felton, James S. Fergusson, A. Finn, F.K. Finn, K.Firestone-Gillis, M. Fleck, J. Fleck, J. E. Fong, B. Forlano, B. Forlano, R. Foster, M. Foundation, Elkhorn Slough  NAerobic Respiration, Contraction, Neuromuscular Sensitivity, Toxicity, Muscle, Contraction, Invertebrates, Echiura, Urechis Caupo, Hydrogen Sulfide, Mechanisms, Cyanide, Ph, Detoxification, Hemoglobin, Metabolism, Tolerance, Exposure, Elkhorn Slough, agricultureAgriculture, Environmental aspects, Agricultural pollution, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Nitrogen cycle, Soil-binding plants, Estuarine ecologyXUAgriculture, Environmental aspects, California, Elkhorn Slough, Wetland, conservation($agriculture, farming, Elkhorn SloughAgriculture, wetlands, erosion, pesticides, sustainable, ecology, non-point source pollution, Elkhorn Slough, plants, animals, estuary, terrestrial, resource management, land management, Sustainable agriculture, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, WealgaeAllorchestes angusta amphibiansoug amphipodAnatomy, Histology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Morphology, Gastropoda, Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Elkhorn Slough, nudibranch, marine, estuary{animal, invertebrates, nudibranchs, marine, California, Elkhorn Slough, ecology, prey, diet, intertidal, subtidal, taxonomyAnimals, Annelids, Invertebrates, Taxonomy, comparative Anatomy, Systematic Zoology, Ecology, Animal Distribution, Elkhorn Slough, marine, intertidal, Pseudeurythoe reductaAnimals, Carnivores, Chordates, Invertebrates, Mammals, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Vertebrates, Enhydra lutris, sea otters, Tivela stultorum, Tresus nuttallii, Saxidomus nuttali, Cancer magister, Cancer productus, crabs, clams, Prey Biomass, Abundance, SizeAnimals, Chordates, Fish, California, USA, fungus, Oomycetes, Granuloma, Follicular Atresia, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, Reproductive System, pathology, Mycology, topsmelt, pelagicAnnelid, physiology, respiratory system, biochemistry, metabolism, Oxygen, Body Wall, Echiuran Worm, Hindgut Uptake, Hindgut Ventilation Activity, Water Lung, Whole Animal Consumption, Gas Exchange, Invertebrate, Urechis Caupo, Sulfide, Elkhorn Sloanthropogenic disturbances, Elkhorn Slough NERR, grazing, invasion, Salicornia virginica, trampling, plant, terrestrial, saltmarsh, estuary, ecology !!!!!!!!!!!"""""""$$$%%%&&&(((((()))))))*****,,,,-------/////000000ppp111111222999993333377777rrrrr44444:::8888888<<<<======>>>>>>>>??????AAAAAAA TBx  Aarons, Heidi 1949`YIntertidal Coleoptera of Monterey Bay, with special reference to the family Staphylinidaee Bodega Marine Laboratory8t Unpublished Student ReportIl82Elkhorn Slough; Invertebrates; Arthropoda; beetles$want abstract ABA Consultants, 1989,&Elkhorn Slough Wetland Management Plan  Capitola, CA ^WPrepared for California State Coastal Conservancy & Monterey County Planning Department 174 December 1989  Report esf% M, Rmanagement, Elkhorn Slough, natural history, erosion, sedimentation, water quality, wetland enhancement, public access, long-term management researchThis report discusses: 1) the natural history of Elkhorn Slough; 2) erosion and sedimentation; 3) water quality; 4) wetland enhancement plans; 5) public access; and 6) long-term management research.2 copies ABA Consultants, 1989`ZBiological assessment of construction and improvement of freshwater ponds on Elkhorn Ranch  Capitola, CA  David Packard25M& Elkhorn Slough, freshwater ponds ABA Consultants, 1990<6Marine and estuarine habitats of Moss Landing vicinity  Capitola, CA .(Prepared for Dames and Moore & Cal Trans6260Background Report: Highway One Improvement Study esfMRoute 1, marine habitats, estuarine habitats, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, monitoring, ecology, natural history, fishes, plants, invertebrates, birds, mammals, amphibiansmThis report characterizes the marine and estuarine biological environments along the expansion corridor of Highway One. The environmental characterization is based on three types of information: published and unpublished literature, interviews with local residents and naturalists, and brief field visits. A second major goal is to identify gaps in present knowledge that are important for impact assessment and mitigation. The characterization considers subtidal and intertidal marine and estuarine habitats, and does not consider intertidal marshes which are dominated by pickleweed. It only covers the present biological environment, and not the comples historical changes in habitats and biological communities. Impact assessment and habitat mitigation are not considered here. Finally the significance of each readside habitat is briefly considered from one main perspective, the natural habitat values of the area. ABA Consultants, 19904.Surface water quality of Moss Landing vicinity  Capitola, CA 0*Prepared for Dames and Moore and Cal Trans3760Background Report: Highway One Improvement StudyM:4Route 1, water quality, Moss Landing, Elkhorn SloughAckerman, L.T. 1971|Contributions to the biology of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata (Girard) in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California 3 G (!Department of Biological Sciencess Sacramento, CA Sacramento State College54 M.A. Thesisg esfuF}leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, Elkhorn Slough; Vertebrates; Chordates; feeding habits, size, fecundity, population biology, marine, estuarine, elasmobranches, ecology, reproductionGrowth, reproduction, and food habits of leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata (Girard), were investigated in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California, between June 1969 and January 1971. The research disclosed that most females were mature by the time they reached 120 centimeters in total length and 20 pounds in weight. Males appeared to mature at a somewhat smaller size. The young were born in late spring or very early fall with mating occurring soon afterward. Fecundity increased with size of the parent (observed range 7 - 36 embryos). Unfertilized eggs, malformed embryos, and barren ovisacs were occasionally found in females with healthy embryos; the occurrence of malformed embryos and unfertilized eggs being lower in larger parents, the occurrence of barren ovisacs being independent of size of parent. Triakis were found to be entirely carnivorous feeders, obtaining food from or near the bottom. Composition of the diet varied considerably with size but not significantly with season. Young Triakis were heavily dependent on the shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis. Principle foods of the larger sharks also included clams (Tresus nuttalli), other crabs (Cancer spp.), innkeeper worms (Urechis caupo), and many species of fish. 8 L 5 =   % < y      multiple copies (2) 0)Adams, J.R. Gormly, H.J. Doyle, M.J., Jr. 1969>7Ecological investigations related to thermal dischargesn & Pacific Gas and Electric Company17March 13-14, 1969HAReport to the Pacific Coast Electrical Association Annual Meeting esfMthermal discharges, Contra Costa power plant, Morro Bay, pismo clam, Bodega Bay, Pittsburg, water temperature, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates Moss Landing Power Plant (1967): The current from the discharge, without heat, caused a removal of fine material adjacent to the discharge, as revealed by sediment analysis. This changein the sediments caused a change in the marine organisms for those stations nearest the discharge. Thus, the ecological survey showed a change occurring from the physical process of water transport, before the onset of heat addition. SUMMARY of entire report: PG&E feels that it can make reasonable predictions of the impact of a thermal power plant on the marine environment by providing a competent ecologist with a prediction of the thermal regime expected at that site. The Company has considered information on temperature distributions around operating plants, and has developed prediction equations, verified by model studies any by studies at actual discharges. The ecologists, then, by knowing what species are present temporally and spatially in the proposed discharge area, can estimate the effects fo the different thermal regimes on the ecosystem.multiple copies (2) Adams, Peter B.u 1971T#Mortality patterns of Macoma nasutan   Bodega Marine Laboratory23 Unpublished Student ReportI82Elkhorn Slough; Invertebrates; Mollusca; Bivalvia;$want abstract @ : Addicott, W.O. 1952bEcological and natural history studies of the pelecypod genus Macoma in Elkhorn Slough, California > E (!Department of Biological Sciences<  Stanford, CA Stanford University89 M.A. Thesissp esfIBivalvia, Mollusca, Ecology, Invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough, clams, marine, benthic, biogeography, distribution, abundance, growth, natural history=Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California, is a marine estuary which supports a rich fauna of bottom dwelling invertebrates. The pelecypod genus Mycoma, represented by four species, is one of the most abundant burrowing groups in the Slough - reaching densities of nearly 900 individuals per square meter. The genus occurs in substrates which run the gamut from very coarse sand to clay. Observations by other investigators have revealed two salient facts. 1) The distribution of macomas is not uniform in the Slough; aggregations of particular species have been noted but in their distribution the various species show considerable overlap. 2) Environmental conditions vary from place to place, such variation being, perhaps, most marked in the composition of bottom sediments. In short, the inference is that the distribution of the species of Macoma may well be limited or influenced by the nature of the substrate. The questions before us then are - what is the geographical deployment of these bivalves in the Slough, and are distributional patterns related to corresponding differences in the composition of the slough bottom? Investigation of corollary problems was also carried out, and some growth and natural history observations made. Field work was conducted during the 10 month period from September, 1951 to June, 1952.   T Z Multiple copies (2)t  Agee, B.A. 1986 DDT in the Salinas Valley Sacramento, CA 81State of California Water Resources Control Board47.'Special Water Quality Monitoring Reporte No. 86-2 WQ esfMElkhorn Slough, DDT, Blanco Drain, Salinas River, aquatic toxicology, water quality, fishes, sediment, freshwater, estuarine, chemistry, pesticides, pollutionDDT has been found in moderate to high concentrations in the Salinas River and lower Moss Landing watershed for many years. Upon analysis, staff found that fish from the Salinas area were among those that had unusually high fractions of Technical or "fresh" DDT. In particular, both fish and sediment from the Salinas River clearly indicated that one source of this material was the Blanco Drain which empties into the Salinas River. At the time, we considered any measurement greater than 10 high and worthy of further investigation. Approximately 25% of the total DDT found in sediments and fish from the mouth of the Blanco Drain was Technical DDT. This value was about as high as had been found in the Toxic Substances Monitoring Program. A special study of the Blanco Drain was conducted. Fifteen sediment samples and five composite soil samples showed striking results. Both the soils and sediments of Blanco Drain contained up to 5 ppm Total DDT and up to 70% Technical DDT. The percent Technical DDT was the highest ever measured in the TSM program. A further survey was conducted in which sediment and soil were collected from 23 and 13 locations, respectively, along the Blanco Drain. No hot spots were isolated in the soils adjacent tot he Drain, and there is no evidence to suggest illegal use or leaky depositories of DDT. Hot spots identified in the first sampling phase are all locations identiified as having soil-source DDT. $Alberte, R.S. Zimmerman, R.C.t 1993Restoration of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in estuarine environments: Evaluation of genetic and physiological performance variantso  *  Washington, D.C. 81National Estuarine Research Reserve Program, NOAA 244 1 June 1993 Final Report esfPEelgrass, transplant, estuarine restoration, genetic diversity, DNA fingerprinting, RFLP analysis, productivity, light requirements, carbon partitioning, Zostera marina, Elkhorn Slough, plants, estuarine, benthic, marsh, ecologyThis work focused on the physiological ecology of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in an effort to 1) determine the feasibility of expanding eelgrass resources within the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR); 2) develop quantitative measures of genetic diversity within and between eelgrass populations for use in evaluating anthropogenic disturbance of eelgrass resources; 3) evaluate gentically distinct populations for differences in growth performance that will affect seagrass restoration efforts and 4) develop a numerical model of light-driven production for use in managing seagrass resources. Transplant experiments clearly domonstrated that persistent eelgrass populations can be established within the Elkhorn Slough NERR. Subtidal habitats with high current velocities were were found to be the most favorable environments for long-term growth and survival. RFLP analysis of genomic DNA was used to demonstrate genetic differences among eelgrass populations, but was not sensitive enough for use in quantitative studies of population genetics. DNA fingerprint analysis, however, was used to quantify genetic structure within and among the eight eastern Pacific populations examined in this study.... Our work with the light environment of Elkhorn Slough suggests that accurate predictions of eelgrass growth and survival will require virtually continuous measures of light availability in all but the most extremely stable estuarine environments.BBBOOCCCCCDDDDDFFFFHHHHJJJJJJKKKKLLLLLLLLLMMMMQQQQSSSSPPPPPRRRRRRRRRRRYYYYYYYYYTTTT^^^^^VVVVVVVZZZZZZZ[[[[\\\\\````]]]]]hhhhhhhhhhhbbbbbbbbbccccdddddddooooofffffffkkkklllm  F?? American Midland Naturalist American Zoologist Amer ZoolAquatic Mammals<6Archives of Environmental Contamination and ToxicologyTNAustralian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research Aust J Mar Freshwater Res Կ(%Biological Agriculture & HorticultureBiological Bulleting Biological Invasions  Biomarkers9<7Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences+$Cal-Neva Wildlife TransactionsCalifornia Coast & Ocean9D?California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations ReportsCalifornia Fish and Game982Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Chondros Coastal Management[g $Coastal Zone Management JournalColonial Waterbirdsg  Copeia Copeia Cultivar (#Current Journal of Marine Education4.Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Dis. Aquat. Org.Ecological Monographs Ecology of Food and Nutrition$Environmental Biology of Fishes,&Environmental Impact Assessment Review69Environmental Pollution9Estuaries Estuariesg (#Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science($Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceInvertebrate Biology Journal of Animal EcologyJournal of Biogeography982Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology82Journal of Comparative Physiology B J Comp Physiol Journal of Crustacean Biology$Journal of Experimental Biology82Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology0*Journal of Experimental Zoology J Exp Zool$!Journal of Foraminiferal ResearchJournal of Morphology(#Journal of Parasitology J. Parasit.4.Journal of the California Native Plant SocietyLandscape Architecture9Marine Biology Mar Biol9$Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Environmental ResearchMicrobial Ecology Molecular Biology of the Cell Monterey Life Opheliag Outdoor California[g LHPacific Marine Fisheries Commission Bulletin Pac. Mar. Fish. Comm. Bull.("Physiological Zoology Physiol Zool 83Proceedings of the Biological Society of WashingtonTOProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaԿRespiration Physiology9<6The American Association Petroleum Geologists Bulletin+The American Naturalist9 The Condor9 The Nautilis94.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society<6U S National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin+ Veligerg D?Vie Et Milieu Serie a Biologie Marine Vie Milieu Ser a Biol MarWestern Birds  Western Birds Zoologyg h vf_Alberte, Randall S. Suba, Gregory K. Procaccini, Gabriele Zimmerman, Richard C. Fain, Steven R. 1994Assessment of genetic diversity of seagrass populations using DNA fingerprinting: Implications for population stability and managementVOProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America913 1049-1053 esfPs Conservation, Ecology, Genetics, Population genetics, Zostera marina, Angiosperms, Plants, California, Gene flow, Habitat disturbance, hypervariable minisatellite DNA, eelgrass, marine macrophyte, Elkhorn Slough , Tomales Bay, Del Monte Beach, marine, estuarine,PPopulations of the temperate seagrass, Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), often exist as discontinuous beds in estuaries, harbors, and bays where they can reproduce sexually or vegetatively through clonal propagation. We examined the genetic structure of three geographically and morphologically distinct populations from central California (Elkhorn Slough , Tomales Bay, and Del Monte Beach), using multilocus restriction fragment length polymorphisms (DNA fingerprints). Within-population genetic similarity (S-w) values for the three eelgrass populations ranged from 0.44 to 0.68. The Tomales Bay population located in an undisturbed, littoral site possessed a within-population genetic similarity (S-w = 0.44) that was significantly lower than those of the other two populations. Cluster analysis identified genetic substructure in only the undisturbed subtidal population (Del Monte Beach). Between-population similarity values (S-b) for all pairwise comparisons ranged from 0.47 to 0.51. The three eelgrass populations show significantly less between locale genetic similarity than found within populations, indicating that gene flow is restricted between locales even though two of the populations are separated by only 30 km. The study demonstrates that (i) natural populations of Z. marina from both disturbed and undisturbed habitats possess high genetic diversity and are not primarily clonal, (ii) gene flow is restricted even between populations in close proximity, (iii) an intertidal population from a highly disturbed habitat shows much lower genetic diversity than an intertidal population from an undisturbed site, and (iv) DNA fingerprinting techniques can be exploited to understand gene flow and population genetic structure in Z. marina, a widespread and ecologically important species, and as such are relevant to the management of this coastal resource. ' 5       *#Ali, S.M. Bowes, G.W. Cohen, D.B.; 1984Endosulfan (Thiodan) Sacramento, CA 4.California State Water Resources Control Board 131 December 1984\>8Toxic Substances Control Program Special Projects Report No. 84-7SP esfwMsb\endosulfan, Thiodan, toxins, water quality, Elkhorn Slough, chemistry, pesticides, pollutionIn 1973, the California DFA restricted most uses of endosulfan. Despite this restriction, endosulfan use remains high. Over 350,000 lbs were reportedly used in 1982 mostly on artichokes, celery, lettuce, tomatoes, and alfalfa. It is a fairly persistent pesticide and its residues have been frequently detected in water, sediment and fish. In view of this information, endosulfan was selected as a "priority" chemcial for an in-depth study. This report is organized into chapters dealing with endosulfan monitoring, risk assessment, and risk management. Supplementary information on physical and chemical properties, use trends, environmental fate, analytical methodology, and criteria and standards, is briefly reviewed int he Appendices. A water sample from Salinas River in 1981 had 5.8 ng/l (ppt) endosulfan I. The SWRCB Mussel Watch Program detected as high as 890 ug/kg of endosulfan I in whole bodies of mussels collected from Elkhorn Slough during the 1981-82 sampling season and up to 1,200 ug/kg in 1982-83. Stickleback collected from Old Salinas River Slough during 1982-83 had 1,200 ug/kg endosulfan I which is 12 times the NAS guidelines.  Allen, J.K. 1992jdBenthic invertebrates living in macroalgal mats on intertidal mudflats of Elkhorn Slough, California  San Jose, CA San Jose State Universityi36 M.S. Thesissp esfIInvertebrates; ecology; algae; plants; Elkhorn Slough, green algae, crustaceans, annelids, marine, estuarine, benthic, distribution, abundanceExtensive mats of macroalgae harbor a dense assemblage of amphipod crustaceans on the intertidal mudflats of Elkhorn Slough. The green algae Enteromorpha spp., covers large areas on the mudflats during spring and summer; while, Gracilaria lemaneiformis is the dominant alga in fall and winter. Amphipod crustaceans were significantly more abundant within algal mats compared to underlying sediment and areas free of algae. Polychaete worms were more numerous in underlying sediment below algal mats compared with algal mats; however, abundances were similar in algal covered areas (mat and underlying sediment) and algal-free mudflats. The seasonal abundance of crustaceans and annelids was greater in fall compared with other seasons. During field experiments large numbers of amphipods colonized artificial and natural substrates. While algae appears to be of value as a physical substrate, the amphipod, Allorchestes angusta, consumed Enteromorpha spp. in laboratory experiments, indicating the additional food value of these algae.          multiple copies (2))Fh "Anderson, B.S. Kvitek, R. G. 1987xrSea otter predation and the distribution of bivalve prey in the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Washington, D.C. "U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA44Technical Memorandumsp esf V, IBivalvia, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Enhydra lutris, predator-prey relationships; Sea Otters; Feeding Preferences; clams; Saxidomus-nuttalli; Tresus nuttalli; Zirphaea pilsbryi; Elkhorn Slough; Mammals, estuarine, ecology, vertebrates The California sea otter population is gradually expanding in size and geographic range and is consequently invading new feeding grounds, including bays and estuaries that are home to extensive populations of bivalve prey. One such area is the Elkhorn Slough, where otters have apparently established a spring and summer communal feeding and resting area. In anticipation of future otter foraging in the slough, an extensive baseline database on bivalve densities, size distributions, biomasses, and burrow depths has been established for three potential bivalve prey species, Saxidomus nuttalli, Tresus nutallii, and Zirphaea pilsbryi. In 1986, the Elkhorn Slough otters were foraging predominately at two areas immediately east and west of the Highway 1 bridge (Skipper's and the PG&E outfall). Extensive subtidal populations of Saxidomus nuttalli and Tresus nuttallii occur in these areas. Shell records collected at these study areas indicated that sea otters were foraging selectively on Saxidomus over Tresus. The reason for this apparent preference was not clear. At the Skipper's study site, 51% of the shell record was composed of Saxidomus, yet this species accounted for only 16% of the in situ biomass, and only 39% of the available clams. Tresus represented 49% of the shell record at Skipper's yet this species accounted for 84% of the in situ biomass and 61% of the available clams. There was no difference in mean burrow depth between the two species at this site so availability does not explain the disparity in consumption. At the PG&E outfall, Saxidomus represents 66% of the in situ biomass and 81% of the available clams, while Tresus accounts for 34% of the in situ biomass and 19% of the available clams. Saxidomus accounts for 96% of the shell record at this site vs. 4% for Tresus, again indicating that the otters were preying on Saxidomus out of proportion to their density or biomass. High densities and biomasses of a third species, Zirphaea, occur in areas where sea otters were observed to be foraging, yet no cast -off Zirphaea shells were found. Although it is possible this species was not represented in the shell record because the otters were simply chewing up the shells, it is more likely this species is avoided by sea otters. There were relatively few sea otters in the Elkhorn Slough in 1986 compared to the previous two years. This, coupled with high bivalve densities, precluded any quantitative comparison of bivalve densities before and after the 1986 sea otter occupation. Qualitative observations made during the course of this study, and quantititative observations from previous studies indicate that, after 3 years, sea otters are not yet significantly affecting bivalve desnties in the Elkhorn Slough.multiple copies (4) @:Andres, D.R. Lee, W. Sepp, E. Witt, H.R. Fung, L. Baba, P. 1966d]Sanitary engineering investigation of Elkhorn Slough and Moss Landing Harbor, Monterey County  Berkeley, CA haBureau of Sanitary Engineering, California Department of Public Health, Health and Welfare Agency22Technical Report esfMcoliform, water quality assessment, Elkhorn Slough, aquatic toxicology, commercial fishery, oyster, shellfish, bivalves, sport fishing, waste disposal, fecal coliform, standard plate count,,JDAs part of its programs of surveillance of shellfish growing waters, the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering conducted a water quality investigation of the elkhorn Slough and Moss Landing Harbor areas from May 9 - 12, 1966. During the period of this study, NONE of the reaches had a water quality which meets the Public Health Service Standards for approved shellfish growing areas. The Moss Landing Harbor waters did not meet the standards for fish cannery process waters. Clams and oysters taken from the area, however, met Public Health Service Standards for marketable shellfish.  Andresen, R. 19720*Life on the tidal mudflats: Elkhorn Slough  Monterey, CA *#Monterey County Office of EducationeTeacher's Guidef esfcR81mudflats, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, teachingThis is the text that acts as a guide to teacher's that are showing the filmstrip, with accompanying audio cassette, to their classes. Includes some supplementary information for teachers and students. Antrim, B.S. 1981xqHabitat and food resource utilization of three species of Embiotocids in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CaliforniacDepartment of Biology  Fresno, CA "California State University86 M.S. Thesis esfFzVertebrates; Chordates; fishes; surfperch, Elkhorn Slough, Cymatogaster aggregata, Embiotoca jacksoni, Phanerodon furcatus<5Objectives of this study were to provide information on how three species of embiotocids within Elkhorn Slough are able to segregate resources (space, food, time) sufficiently to allow co-occurrence. In this context, seasonal information on the distribution, abundance, and feeding habits of these three species were investigated. Also reports fecundity and tag/recapture data. Some conclusions: 1) seasonal abundance patterns for all three species were similar with high numbers of individuals in summer and fall, low numbers in winter. 2) Shiner surfperch were most abundant in the upper portion of the slough, white and black surfperch were most abundant seaward. 3) no differences were found in growth rates of males and females for any species. 4) All three species are summer spawners. 5) feeding data indicated all three species were opportunistic feeders, diets varying with season and location. The primary prey categories were polychaetes (winter) and small crustaceans (summer) 6) black and white surperch had similar diets; shiner surfperch had different dietw,%Page 1 is missing multiple copies (2)Appiah, J.C., Jr. 1977haSpecies composition and abundance of fish populations in Bennett Slough, Monterey Bay, CalifornianDepartment of Biology0  Fresno, CA "California State University63 M.S. Thesis esfFElkhorn Slough; Vertebrates; Chordates; fishes, estuarine, marsh, ecology, distribution, abundance, tag/recapture, population size, starry flounderfThe overall purpose of this study was to determine the species composition, size composition, and numerical abundance of Bennett Slough fishes and to compare Bennett Slough to the relatively larger Elkhorn Slough with which it is connected. More detailed ecological studies were performed on one of the more abundant and hardy fishes, Platichthys stellatus, occurring regularly in Bennett Slough. Tag and recapture techniques were used to assess population density, movement within the slough as well as in and out of the slough, and assess growth. Also feeding habits of Platichthys were studied within Bennett Slough, for comparison with other information on feeding habits from other locations. some conclusions: 1)The population density of Platichthys within Bennett Slough was estimated to be between 7,110 and 10,227 fish 2) A total of 69 samples were made, yielding 20 fish species belonging to 12 families. 3) Clevelandia ios, Leptocottus armatus, and Platichthys stellatus were most abundant 4) Bennett Slough is more ecologically similar to the Kirby Park station of Elkhorn Slough then to any other location studied in the Moss Landing area.multiple copies (2)o j~ }Elkhorn Slough, water quality, marine, estuary, watershed, hydrology, runoff, human impact, resource management, Moss LandingxtElkhorn Slough, water quality, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, phosphate, nitrate, pollutionElkhorn Slough, wetlands, estuaries, watershed geography, upland areas, terrestrial, habitat change, environmental studies, remote sensing, GIS, vegitation<9Elkhorn Slough, wetlands, restoration, habitat managementElkhorn Slough.@:endosulfan, Thiodan, toxins, water quality, Elkhorn SloughHEendosulfan, Thiodan, toxins, water quality, Elkhorn Slough, chemistry`\endosulfan, Thiodan, toxins, water quality, Elkhorn Slough, chemistry, pesticides, pollution}English sole, Parophrys vetulus, Monterey Bay, growth, age, Elkhorn Slough, fish, flatfish, marine, benthic, pelagic, ecologyEnhydra lutris Tivela stultorum, Tresus nuttallii, Saxidomus nuttali, Prey Biomass, Prey Abundance, Size Distribution, Foraging Strategy, Habitat Choice, Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia, Mollusca, Invertebrata, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough , California, USA,Enhydra lutris Tivela stultorum, Tresus nuttallii, Saxidomus nuttali, Prey Biomass, Prey Abundance, Size Distribution, Foraging Strategy, Habitat Choice, Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammals, Mollusca, Invertebrates, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough , California, USA,$Enhydra lutris, Elkhorn Sloughenvironmental impactEnvironmental impact analysis, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Environmental conditions, coastal zone management, planning, environmental impact, wetlands, marine, Brackish, Freshwater, land use, conservation$environmental impact statement,0,environmental impact statement, human impactEnvironmental monitoring, toxicology, pollution assessment, biochemistry, Multi-Xenobiotic Resistance Phenotype, Biomonitoring Tool, Transport Mechanism, P-Glycoprotein, Drug Resistance, Mxr, Biomarker, Invertebrata, Mollusca, Bivalve, Mussel, MytilusEnvironmental monitoring, toxicololgy, pollution assessment, biochemistry, Multi-Xenobiotic Resistance Phenotype, Biomonitoring Tool, Transport Mechanism, P-Glycoprotein, Drug Resistance, Mxr, Biomarker, Invertebrata, Mollusca, Bivalve, Mussel, Mytiluenvironmental studies, Monterey Bay, Central California, Elkhorn Slough, chemical, physical oceanography, plankton surveys, benthic survey, seals, bird rookeries, sedimentological studies, public educationenvironmental studies, Monterey Bay, Central California, Elkhorn Slough, chemical, physical oceanography, plankton surveys, benthic survey, seals, bird rookeries, sedimentological studies, public education, ecologyEpidermis, Exchange Surface, Hypoxia, Oxygen Uptake, Permeation Barrier, Sulfide Oxidizing Body , sulfide Oxidation, Bacteria, Detoxification, Adaptations, Invertebrates, Annelids, Polychaetes, Elkhorn Slough, biochemistry, physiology, toxicology, erosionZ estuariesľEstuaries, California, Estuarine area conservation, Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary, resource management, Environmental Impact Statement, marine reserve, conservation, research, educationEstuaries, California, Estuarine area conservation, Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary, resource management, Environmental Impact Statement, marine reserve, conservation, research, education, elkhorn slough0do 2[Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve supports a wide variety of invertebrates Susanne Fork Susanne ForkZOh+'0(4@P ht    \Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve supports a wide variety of invertebrateslkh Susanne Forkh NusausaNormal  Susanne Forkh N41aMicrosoft Word 9.0o@X1@x6@@~F@ !s X p  Arnal, R.E. 1972TMEnvironmental studies of Monterey Bay and the Central California coastal zone Moss Landing, CA "U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA99 7/71-2/72, Sea Grant Progress Report- No. 2-35137 esfRtenvironmental studies, Monterey Bay, Central California, Elkhorn Slough, chemical, physical oceanography, plankton surveys, benthic survey, seals, bird rookeries, sedimentological studies, public education, ecologyA summary of progress in the different activities of the Sea Grant Program conducted at the Moss Landing Marine Labs. The environmental data collection and research projects in Monterey Bay have been underway for more than a year. Emphasis in the collection of environmental data is to provide the decision makers of Monterey Bay communities with the information needed following the suggestions of the Regional Advisory Committee. The coordination of the Sea Grant Project and the Association of Monterey Bay Area Goverments oceanographic study has allowed a much greater detail and better coverage in the collection of environmental data. Also, it has made possible the collection of entirely new data such as surface current studies by release of drift cards. Several sections in Chapter 2 of this report give details of work in progress in the plankton studies, the hydrographic work, the benthic survey, the productivity of fishes and sand transport in Monterey Bay. The next chapter explains the progress to date in providing additional education in the marine sciences for interested parties as well as information for the general public and public services for the communities of Monterey Bay.(!Arp, A.J. Hansen, B.M. Julian, D.e 1992Burrow environment and coelomic fluid characteristics of the echiuran worm Urechis caupo from populations at three sites in northern California K X Marine Biology 1134613-623Mar Biol esfIEchiuroidea, Invertebrata, Animalia, Animals, Invertebrates, USA, Ph, Sediment, Sulfide, Oxygen, Concentration, Hematin, Salinity, Survival, Subterranean Bioresearch, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Biochemistry, Physics and Chemistry, Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Echiuroidea, Biochemical Studies, Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids, Porphyrins and Bile Pigments, Minerals, marine, benthic, Princeton Harbor, Bodega Bay, Elkhorn Slough&The burrow microhabitat and physiology of the echiuran worm Urechis caupo at a high-density site (Elkhorn Slough , California, USA), were investigated from 1987 to 1990 to determine physical and chemical conditions, worm density and distribution, and coelomic fluid characteristics such as heme composition, pO2, pH, and coelomocyte volume. During tidal exposure, worm burrows at this site exhibited, on average, 52% air-saturated water, 11 .{mu}.M burrow-water sulfide, 85 .{mu}.g/mg wet weight sediment sulfide, and salinity and osmolalities similar to those of seawater. These conditions are compared to those of another California site, Bodega Bay, which had slightly lower oxygen concentrations, but higher water and sediment-sulfide levels. A more limited comparison to a third site, Princeton Harbor, California, is included. Worms from Bodega Bay, the higher sulfide site, had greater concentrations of hematin, a non-globin heme compound contained in the coelomocytes, and exhibited a greater tolerance to sulfide in the laboratory. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that hematin is a sulfide-detoxifying agent that may enhance survival of U. caupo in the sulfide-rich mudflat environment. < I   & Arp, A.J. Menon, J.G. Julian, D. 1995OMultiple mechanisms provide tolerance to environmental sulfide in Urechis caupou B American Zoologist352t132-144y Amer Zoolc esfnId~Marine Echiuran Worm, Oxygen, Hemoglobin, Invertebrates, Meiofauna, Diffusion, Oxidation, Hindgut, mudflats, Elkhorn Slough, Animal, Echiuroidea, ecology, physiology, soil science, toxicology, biochemistry, environmental biology, Cytochrome Oxidase, Damaged Cell Sloughing, Defense Mechanism, Detoxification, Sulfide Oxidation, Tidal Exposure, Toxicity, marine, intertidal, benthic,During tidal exposure the echiuran worm Urechis caupo encounters toxic sulfide in its burrow microhabitat on the marine mudflat. Although sulfide freely penetrates the two respiratory epithelia (the body wall and hindgut) and tissue cytochrome oxidases are extremely sulfide sensitive, the worm tolerates sulfide concentrations which exceed environmental exposures. Sulfide tolerance results from a suite of sulfide detoxification mechanisms that extend from the coelomic fluid to the epithelial surfaces. The coelomic fluid is rich in hemoglobin and hematin, both of which bind sulfide and catalyze the oxidation of sulfide to thiosulfate in vitro. Peripheral defense mechanisms responsible for protection of aerobic epithelia from sulfide poisoning may include mucus secretion, sulfide oxidation by symbiotic bacteria and/or specialized organelles termed SOBs, and sloughing of sulfide damaged cells. Thiosulfate, the principal detoxification endproduct produced in vivo, is eliminated primarily by diffusion across the hindgut, and sulfide metabolites may be sequestered and eliminated by the anal sacs. Based on a hypothetical model, we conclude that sulfide tolerance in U. caupo is due primarily to the sulfide oxidation activity of the coelomic fluid and that the specialized integument and hindgut protect the metabolically active, sulfide-exposed epithelial cells. These sulfide detoxification mechanisms may allow populations of this filter-feeding worm to exploit nutrient-rich, sulfidic environments. ( 5  4-Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments,s 1990Work plan for water quality management planning program (Section 205 (j)) on water quality management planning and outreach program for the Elkhorn Slough  Monterey, CA 2,Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments31& UCSC ScienceStacks: TD225.S4W673MaD>Water quality management, California, Elkhorn Slough, Planning.(Baltz, D.M. Morejohn, G.V. Antrim, B.S. 1979F@Size selective predation and food habits of two California ternsWestern Birds10 17-24 esfBCalifornia terns, predation, birds; Vertebrates; Chordates; Casian tern, Forster's tern, size selective predation, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, ecology, foraging ecologyThe present study documents size selection of prey species by two species of seabird, the Caspian tern (Sterna caspia) and the Forster's tern (S. forsteri). These two seabirds, although differing greatly in size, have broadly overlapping breeding seasons and similar foraging strategies. The study was done in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California, where the fish fauna is well known; both terns forage in the slough and breed nearby. Highly significant differences in the sizes of prey taken were found. Almost exclusive predation on different age clases of the same prey species, shiner perch and northern anchovy, was also found.Pages 22-23 missing Barendregt, Robert D. 1948The distribution and ecological relationship of Brachyuran crabs of the Monterey Peninsula with observations of their general biologyb Bodega Marine Laboratory15 Unpublished Student ReportIB;Elkhorn Slough; Invertebrates; Arthropoda; Crustacea; crabsi$want abstract I{ mxrchmysid, Neomysis mercedis, toxaphene, ddt, diazinon, pH, TIEs, contaminants, pesticides, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, estuary, aquatic toxicology, pollution national science foundationZnatural historyD>Natural history, California, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine ecologyHENatural resources, California, Elkhorn Slough, Case studies, wetlandsNotomastus tenuis, Macoma nasuta, phoronopsis viridis, pachygrapsus crassipes, Callianassa, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Urechis caupo, Schizothaerus nuttalli, ecology, distribution, abundance, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, benthic, marine, estuary, natura nudibranchsronudibranchs, Alderia modestra, invertebrates, central California, Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, distribution, zoogeography, systematics, morphology, Reproduction, Physiology, Elkhorn Slough, marsh, intertidal, benthicNutrients, Sediments, Elkhorn Slough, Hydrography, Ocean tides, Harbors, Inlets, Temperature, Salinit,y, Dissolved gases, Diurnal variations, Fresh water, Oxygen, Primary biological productivity, Respiration, Phosphates, California, Moss Landing Harbor,Nutrients, Sediments, Elkhorn Slough, Hydrography, Ocean tides, Harbors, Inlets, Temperature, Salinity, Dissolved gases, Diurnal variations, Fresh water, Oxygen, Primary biological productivity, Respiration, Phosphates, California, Moss Landing Harbor, nutrients, wetlands, vegetated buffer strips, pesticides, runoff, water quality, macrofauna, groundwater, soil erosion, strawberries, Sustainable agriculture, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Wetland conservation, Agricultural pollution, water qua oceanographyOpisthobranchiaelOsteichthyes, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Nonhuman vertebrates, Vertebrates, Gila crassicauda, Archoplites interruptus, Hyserocarpus traski, Ptychocheilus grandis, Habitat, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Animal Distribution, Elkhorn Slough, marine, freshOsteichthyes, estuarine, Elkhorn Slough, nursery, abundance, spatial and temporal distribution, otter trawl, feeding ecology, prey, invertebratesOsteichthyes, Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Elkhorn Slough, California, Gillichthys mirabilis, Engraulis mordax, Clevelandia ios, Hypomesus pretiosus, Osmerid, Leptocottus armatus, Genyonemus lineatus, Clupea pallasiiOsteichthyes, Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, Animals, Chordates, Fish, USA, Elkhorn Slough, Cymatogaster aggregata, Leptocohus armatus, Phanerodon furcatus, Embiotoca jacksoni, Life Style, Seasonality, Spawning, Species Richness, Nursery GroundPJoyster culture, Elkhorn Slough, aquaculture, commercial fishery, shellfish\Yoyster culture, Elkhorn Slough, aquaculture, commercial fishery, shellfish, invertebratesP-Glycoprotein Genezpacific oyster, eastern oyster, industry, marketing, bivalvia, Mollusca, Invertebrates, estuarine, Elkhorn Slough, fishery{pacific oyster, eastern oyster, industry, marketing, bivalvia, Mollusca, Invertebrates, estuarine, Elkhorn Slough, fishery, palynologyPelecypoda, Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Spawning, Shell Length, Growth Curve, Ecology, populations ecology, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, marine, benthic, burrowing, mark recapturePest control, Mussels, Tables, Soil surveys, Sediments, Watersheds, Endosulfan, Chlorthal dimethyl, Monterey County, Pesticide residues, Environmental monitoring, Agricultural runoff, California State Mussel Watch Program, Elkhorn Slough  Barrett, E.M. 1963$The California oyster industry ,&California Department of Fish and Game 123y99 Fish BulletinrNo. 123u esfkIb{pacific oyster, eastern oyster, industry, marketing, bivalvia, Mollusca, Invertebrates, estuarine, Elkhorn Slough, fishery,The California oyster industry, after a long period of quiesence from about 1910 to 1955, has entered a period of increased production that probably will be sustained. The companies responsible for this growth feel they have demonstrated that relatively large-scale oyster culture can be successfully carried out in their areas, and are confident this will continue to be true. this optimism appears well founded in that the companies have had long experience in the oyster business. they serve a region where the populations is increasing rapidly, and this, combined with the lack of other large California bays suitable for oystering, indicates market conditions will favorable and stable. It is not likely that the two large bys not presently used for oyster culture, San Francisco and San Diego bays, will be sufficiently cleared of pollution in the near future to enable the industry to utilize them. Tomales Bay has been declining as an oyster producing center recently, but in the future a more vigorous company may fully develop the limited tide flats at the head of the bay or begin using the Japanese method of hanging cultures in the deeper parts of the bay. The industry is not seriously plagued with destructive pests which it cannot control, nor pollution from domestic or industrial sources. There have been no oyster diseases such as those causing considerable losses to oystermen on the east coast. The history of the Elkhorn Slough oyster industry is discussed (1930s)t*#Barry, James P. Cailliet, Gregor M.n 1981piThe utilization of shallow marsh habitats by commercially important fishes in Elkhorn Slough, California.i$Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions 38-47 esfFElkhorn Slough, commerical fisheries, fish assemblages, vertebrates; Chordates; fishes; salt marsh; tidal creeks, prey types, estuarine, marine, juvenile fish, distribution, abundance, ecologySamples taken by various gear from October 1978 to may 1980 indicate that many fish species, some of which are commercially important, utilize the tidal creeks and inland protions of Elkhorn Slough, a shallow coastal embayment in Monterey Bay, California. In order of abundance, fishes important to commercial fisheries were northern anchovy, Pacific herring, shiner surfperch, starry flounder, black surfperch, leopard shark, California halibut, bat ray, and english sole. Most of these species occurred in teh tidal creeks and upper slough primarily as juveniles, while individuals of some species were captured in lower numbers as reproductively active adults (Pacific herring, shiner perch, black perch, leopard shark, bat ray). Most species exhibited seasonal patterns of occupation with the highest densities of juveniles occurring in spring and summer; these patterns reflected the reproductive habits of the species. These fishes fed on a variety of prey types, including zooplankton, epifaunal crustaceans, infaunal worms and mollusca, and larger mobile crustaceans and fishes. Plant material and detritus constituted a small portion of the diets of most species, but were much less important overall than the above prey types. Although the relatvie importance of Elkhorn Slough to commercial fish production in Monterey Bay and the California continental shelf is dufficult to assess, it appears that shallow turbid areas in Elkhorn Slough function as a nursery and/or spawning area for various economically important fishes. Factors respsonsible for this utilization may include high primary and secondary production, beneficial temperature and salinity regimes, and relatively low predation pressure due to high turbidity and/or low predator densities. Barry, J.P. 1983TMUtilization of shallow marsh habitats by fishes in Elkhorn Slough, California(!Department of Biological Sciencesa  San Jose, CA "California State University95 M.A. Thesis esfFfish, marsh habitat; Vertebrates; Chordates; Osteichthyes, estuarine, Elkhorn Slough, nursery, abundance, spatial and temporal distribution, otter trawl, feeding ecology, prey, invertebrates.(Samples collected from Oct 1978 to May 1980 indicate that many species of fishes, including some commercially important species, utilize the tidal creeks and inland portions of Elkhorn Slough. In order of decreasing abundance, the trawl-susceptible fishes comprising at least 1.0 percent of the total catch were staghorn sculpin northern anchovy, Pacific herring, shinerperch, starry flounder, blackperch, leopard shark, California halibut, and the bat ray. Most species were present primarily as juveniles, while individuals of some species were captured in lower numbers as reproductively active adults. Nearly all species exhibited seasonal patterns of abundance, with highest densities of juveniles occurring in spring and summer, and these patterns reflected the reproductive habits of species. Most fishes consumed secondary producers, including zooplankton, epifaunal crustaceans, infaunal worms and molluscs, and larger mobile crustaceans and fishes. Plant material and detritus constituted a significant portion of the diets of some fishes, but were much less important overall than the above prey types. Although it is difficult to assess the relative importance of Elkhorn Slough to fish production in Monterey Bay and the California continental shelf, shallow turbid areas in Elkhorn Slough function as nursery and/or spawning areas for various fishes. Factors responsible for this utilization may include both abiotic and biotic controls such as secondary production, and relatively low predation pressure due to high turbidity and/or low predator densities.multiple copies (2)n$#"!  `ZBarry, James P. Yoklavich, Mary M. Cailliet, Gregor M. Ambrose, David A. Antrim, Brooke S. 1996VOTrophic ecology of the dominant fishes in Elkhorn Slough, California, 1974-1980 Estuaries191115-138 Estuaries esfFEstuarine ecology, environmental sciences, Nutrition, Chondrichthyes, Pisces, Crustacea, Invertebrata, Mollusca, Osteichthyes, Vertebrata, Polychaeta, Annelida, Amphistichus argenteus, Atherinops affinis, Atherinopsis californiensis, Citharichthys stigmaeus, Clevelandia ios, Clupea pallasi, Cymatogaster aggregata , Embiotoca jacksoni, Engraulis mordax, Gillichthys mirabilis, Hyperprosopon anale, Leptocottus armatus, Myliobatus californica, Phanerodon furcatus, Platichthys stellatus, Pleuronectes vetulus, Psettichthys melanostictus, Triakis semifasciata, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Elkhorn Slough, Ecology, Oceanography, Limnology, marine, estuarine, benthic, pelagic, baseline characterization, monitoring.)Food habits of the dominant fishes collected from 1974 to 1980 at eight locations in Elkhorn Slough , California, and the adjacent ocean were investigated. Epifaunal crustacea was the major prey group identified from stomach contents of more than 2,000 fishes, followed by epifaunal and infaunal worms, and molluscs. Overall, 18 fish species consumed 263 different prey taxa, ranging from 10 taxa to 125 taxa per fish species and including 99 crustacean, 56 polychaete, and 39 molluscan taxa. Mean prey richness was greatest at stations near the ocean and lowest at inshore stations. Detailed dietary data for all prey taxa were summarized as trophic spectra for each fish species. Trophic spectra represented functional groups of prey and were used for comparisons of dietary similarity. Cluster analyses, based on trophic spectra, resulted in four feeding guilds of fishes. Of 18 fish species, seven (Amphistichus argenteus, Leptocottus armatus, Embiotoca jacksoni, Clevelandia ios, Gillichthys mirabilis, Cymatogaster aggregata, and Citharichthys stigmaeus) fed principally on epifaunal crustacea. Four species (Pleuronectes vetulus, Platichthys stellatus, Phaneradon furcatus, and Myliobatus californica) consumed mostly molluscs and infaunal worms. Two species (Psettichthys melanostictus and Triakis semifasciata) fed on mobile crustacea, and five species (Hyperprosopon anale, Engraulis mordax, Clupea pallasi, Atherinopsis californiensis, and Atherinops affinis) fed largely on zooplankton and plant material. Our results suggest that high food availability enhances the nursery function of inshore habitats, and emphasize the importance of invertebrate prey populations and the indirect linkage of plant production to the ichthyofaunal assemblage, particularly marine immigrant species that are likely 'estuarine dependent.'   # [   & S  only have manuscript`ZBarry, James P. Yoklavich, Mary M. Cailliet, Gregor M. Ambrose, David A. Antrim, Brooke S.??{Food habits, dietary overlap, trophic selectivity, and trophic spectra of the dominant fishes in Elkhorn Slough, Californiai?????? esfaFsEstuarine ecology, environmental sciences, Nutrition, Chondrichthyes, Pisces, Crustacea, Invertebrata, Mollusca, Osteichthyes, Vertebrata, Polychaeta, Annelida, Amphistichus argenteus, Atherinops affinis, Atherinopsis californiensis, Citharichthys stigmaeus, Clevelandia ios, Clupea pallasi, Cymatogaster aggregata , Embiotoca jacksoni, Engraulis mordax, Gillichthys mirabilis, Hyperprosopon anale, Leptocottus armatus, Myliobatus californica, Phanerodon furcatus, Platichthys stellatus, Pleuronectes vetulus, Psettichthys melanostictus, Triakis semifasciata, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Elkhorn Slough, Ecology, Oceanography, Limnology, marine, estuarine, benthic, pelagic, baseline characterization, monitoring. manuscript  Beal, Brian 1992:4Growth of two embiotocids along the California coast Bodega Marine Laboratory Unpublished student reportFt^WElkhorn Slough; Vertebrates; fish ; surfperch; Cymatogaster; Micrometrus; Moss Landing;$want abstractBeau, M. 1981f`A site disturbance index for a California coastal watershed: Elkhorn Slough watershed case study*$Department of Landscape Architecture  Berkeley, CA (!University of California BerkeleyhMa watersheds, Elkhorn Slough Beeman, R. D.l 1969{An auto-adiographic demonstration of stomach tooth renewal in Phyllaplysia taylori Dall, 1900 (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), > R Biological Bulletin- 136o2l141-146e esftIgInvertebrates, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Mollusca, Radiation and Isotope Techniques, Ecology, Biochemical Studies, Digestive System, Algae, Animals, Invertebrates, Microorganisms, Mollusks, Elkhorn Slough1) Brief.exposure to H3-thymidine in vivo labels the secretion which basally renews the stomach teeth of Phyllaplysia taylori. 2) A line of radioactive label migrates fromt he base of an average stomach tooth to its tip in about 25 days. This indicates daily replacement of about 4.2% of the mean tooth height. 3) There is no autoradiographic evidence of the migration of labeled nuclei into the growing tooth: the label was found in the non-cellular, translucent matrix of the tooth. 4) The nature of the labeling is not clear. The incorporation of the label into tooth matrix, probably mainly composed of chitin, may be as simple as the shunting of labeled acetyl groups into the mucopolysaccharide synthesis. 5) Tooth growth evidently normally exceeds the rapid wear caused by an abrasive diet of diatoms. The size and shape of the teeth is maintained by the milling action of their intermeshing motion. Beeman, R.D. 1970rThe anatomy and functional morphology of the reproductive system in the Opisthobranch Mollusk Phyllaplysia taylori ^ Veligerv131l 1-31 esfhIbAnatomy, Histology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Morphology, Gastropoda, Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Elkhorn Slough, nudibranch, marine, estuaryThis paper covers the following topics: 1) Anatomy and histology of the reproductive system - including ovotestis; coelomic gonoduct (pre-ampullar portion, ampulla proper, post-ampullar portion); pallial gonoduct (female gland mass, albumen gland, membrane gland, mucous gland, seminal receptacle, common genital duct, copulatory bursa, atrium, atrial gland); external genital groove; penis 2) Functional morphology of the reproductive system - including movment and storage of endogenous sperm; copulation; movement and storage of exogenous sperm; egg-string production (movement of oocytes, fertilization, egg string formation and oviposition, anaspidean egg-strings) 3) General discussion - including seminal receptacle; copulatory bursa Beeman, R.D. 1970nAn ecological study of Phyllaplysia taylori (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) with an emphasis on its reproduction  + ,%Vie Et Milieu Serie a Biologie Marinea211A189-211o Vie Milieu Ser a Biol Mar I,Elkhorn Slough, Periodic Cycles, Ecology, Reproductive System, Gastropoda, Algae, Angiosperms, Animals, Invertebrates, Microorganisms, Mollusks, Plants, Diatom, Diet, Zostera marinaMLML has reprint<X;:&987x685  Byrnes, P.E. 1990~Abundance and taxonomic composition of infauna associated with three restored eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds in Elkhorn Slough X f  Moss Landing, CA Moss Landing Laboratoriesi33 Unpublished Student Report esfaPud^eelgrass, Zostera marina, wetlands restoration, benthic infauna, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates * Caffrey, J.M.   1996ngEffect of land use practices on nutrient dynamics in subtidal estuarine sediments in Elkhorn Slough, CA Washington, D.C. .'NOAA, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division 1996 Final ReportGrant # NA47OR0198MElkhorn Slough F@Caffrey, J.M Shaw, S. Silberstein, M. De Vogelaere, A. White, M. 1997PJWater quality monitoring in Elkhorn Slough: A summary of results 1988-1996 VPElkhorn Slough Foundation and Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve105/20/97nUnpublished Report esfrMhElkhorn Slough, monitoring, environmental quality, aquatic toxicology, pollution, nitrate, ammonium, dissolved inorganic phosphate, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, estuarine, coastal oceanographyh^WElkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR) and the Elkhorn Slough Foundation (ESF) in cooperation with Monterey County Water Resources Agency (MCWRA) have been supporting a volunteer water monitoring program since 1988. Twenty four stations are sampled monthly for temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, nitrate, ammonium, and dissolved inorganic phosphate. This program represents a partnership among ESNERR, ESF, MCWRA, NOAA, CDFG, and highly dedicated volunteers. Some trends we have observed from this data include: 1) a significant increase in nitrate concentration since the 1970s 2) extraordinarily high nitrate concentrations in the lower Salinas River which may be the highest recorded in scientific literature for a river or estuary 3) concentrations of ammonium that are an order of magnitude lower (or more) than nitrate 4) low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in some areas which have restricted circulation 5) opening of the Salinas River lagoon leads to rapid increases in salinity in the lower river even during the rainy season when river discharge is highy b\Caffrey, J.M. Shaw, S. Silberstein, M. De Vogelaere, A. White, M. Parker, K. Thomasberg, K. 1997F@Central bay estuarine water quality monitoring program 1988-1997 82Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research ReserveUnpublished ReportM9Elkhorn Slough, monitoring, environmental quality, aquatic toxicology, pollution, nitrate, ammonium, dissolved inorganic phosphate, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, estuarine, coastal oceanography Caffrey, J. M. DeVogelaere 1998"Elkhorn Slough bibliography ABA Consultantsb36 Fourth October 1998 bibliography esfiR $ Elkhorn Slough, bibliographyB;Cailliet, G.M Antrim, B. Ambrose, D. Pace, S. Stevenson, M. 1977vpSpecies composition, abundance and ecological studies of fishes, larval fishes and zooplankton in Elkhorn Slough ,&Nybakken, J. Cailliet, G. Broenkow, W.~Ecologic and Hydrographic Studies of Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, and Nearshore Coastal Waters, July 1974 to June 1976 Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories216-386aFiLFfish, fish larvae, zooplankton, Elkhorn Slough; Vertebrates; Chordates$want abstract.'Cailliet, G.M. Antrim, B.S. Ambrose, D. 1979NGTrophic spectrum analysis of fishes in Elkhorn Slough and nearby watersa Lipovsky, S. Simenstad, C.,%Gutshop '78: Fish Food Habits Studieso  Seattle, WAi & Washington Sea Grant Publication118-128 D>Proceedings of the second Pacific Northwest Technical WorkshopF7fish, Elkhorn Slough, Marine ecosystems, food webs, USA, California, Inland Waters, predator-prey relationships, Vertebrates, Chordates, ecology, invertebrates, diet, marine, estuaryIn 1974, a quantitative data base of distribution and abundance information on benthic invertebrates, fishes and zooplankton inhabiting Elkhorn Slough, California was begun. Since the habits and various aspects of life histories of benthic invertebrates were studied in some detail and the feeding habits of the more common fishes in the slough and nearby water were analyzed, it was possible to investigate ecological interactions among fish species and their prey and to assess their importance in structuring the communities in this ecosystem. The accumulation of this large data base stimulated several questions that could now at least be qualitatively approached. Darnell's trophic spectrum analysis technique was modified so that it could be applied to the assemblages of fishes in Elkhorn Slough and nearby waters. The main objective of this paper is to present this ecosystem-level technique as modified, and to demonstrate the kinds of information that can be gathered from such an analysis.e 0)Cailliet, G.M. Hayden, W. Silberstein, M. 1990tmDifferential utilization of estuarine habitat by Atherinid fishes in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California `ZMarine and Estuarine Management Division, National Oceanic and Atmostpheric Administration244/13/90i Final Report esfbFaElkhorn Slough, estuarine, fish, smelt, Atherinid, Atherinopsis californiensis, Atherinops affinis, pelagic, spawning, juvenile habitat, ecology, distribution, abundance, habitat utilization, population ecology6/Topsmelt, and to a lesser extent, jacksmelt, are a major component of the fish fauna of Elkhorn Slough. Their predominance in our gill net samples indicates that they are more abundant than previously recognized. Topsmelt and jacksmelt did not demonstrate statistically significant trends in distribution patterns among the sampling sites and subhabitats we surveyed. However, there is an indication that they are both more abundant in the waters to the west of the tidal prism and closer to the ocean. More information is needed about the spawner/ recruit relationship of silversides in Elkhorn Slough. Current information indicates that the larvae may not remain in Elkhorn Slough waters very long, which may be a factor in more offshore pattern of adult distribution and abundance patterns. The limited by collaborating size frequency and age determination data indicate that topsmelt are relatively short-lived species, which may have high population turnover rate. Both topsmelt and jacksmelt occurred in abundance over a long period of time in the ESNERR marsh restoration site, especially the South Marsh. These species appear to use slough waters for feeding and spawning. The feeding habits studies indicate that a major trophic role is played by these fast swimming, schooling fishes in the Elkhorn Slough ecosystem.e -,+*d)( ' &*% Beeman, R. D. 1970An auto radiographic study of sperm exchange and storage in a sea hare, Phyllaplysia taylori, a hermaphroditic gastropod (Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea)n H ] &Journal of Experimental Zoologyd 175b1:125-132C J Exp Zool esf,IkElkhorn Slough, Reproductive System, Physiology and Biochemistry, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Ecology, Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Ciliary ActionTritiated thymidine autoradiography was used to distinguish exogenous from endogenous sperm and to determine the translocations of labeled sperm within the simultaneously hermaphroditic, reciprocally copulating gastropod Phyllaplysia taylori. Heavily labeled sperm start leaving the ovotestis within 14 days after injection of H3-thymidine. These endogenous sperm are stored, evidently less than 20 days, in the ampulla prior to copulation. During copulation the endogenous sperm are tightly bund to one another by extracellular material forming a seminal strand. This seminal strand is moved by ciliary action along the spermoviduct fold and genital groove to the tip of the extended penis. As the seminal strand issues from the tip of the labeled animal's penis into the copulatory duct of an unlabeled mate, the extracellular material of the strand dissolves, releasing the now exogenous sperm (some of which are labeled). Most of the labeled exogenous sperm are found int he seminal receptacle within two hours after copulation. Within five hours some of these sperm have become oriented with their heads buried into the receptacle lining. Surplus exogenous sperm flow into the copulatory bursa where they are destroyed.  Benson, S. 1994jdThe effect of deteriorated salt marsh in Elkhorn Slough on shorebird densities and foraging behavior Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Unpublished Student ReportBh@9shorebirds, Elkhorn slough; Vertebrates; Chordates; birdsi $Blankinship, M.S. Evans, A.D. 1993B;Elkhorn Slough 205(j) uplands water quality management plan3 2,Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments Final ReportM{NHwater quality, Elkhorn Slough, pesticides, agriculture, BMP, KleinfelderBodovitz, J.E. 1977`YPreliminary staff report on the nomination of a Federal Estuarine Sanctuary in California $California Coastal Commission MemorandumMD=Elkhorn Slough, habitat, management, protection, conservation This memo provides information on the following topics: 1) background of the Federal Estuarine Sanctuary Program 2) discussion of the four possible sanctuary areas within the California biogeographic providence which are: Upper Newport Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Tomales Bay, and Esteros Americano and de San Antonio) 3) formal criteria for selection 4) alternative management programs 5) an excerpt from the Federal Register Volume 39, Number 108, Part iv 6) legislation related to the Federal Estuarine Sanctuary Program  Brantner, J. 2001>7Rates of erosion and habitat loss in the Elkhorn Slough, 0)California State University, Monterey Bay\ 23 pp.April 20, 2001 unpublished student report esf4W4^XElkhorn Slough, tidal erosion, tidal scour, Moss Landing Harbor, estuaries, habitat lossgThe Elkhorn Slough is a narrow, tidal embayment at the mouth of the Monterey Canyon in central California. The Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Research Reserve encompasses about 1400 acres on the south and east sides of the slough. Wide ranges of habitats are represented, from grasslands and oak woodlands to saltmarsh, tidal mudflats, and open water. This diversity of habitats is home to over 400 species of invertebrates, 80 species of fish, and 260 species of birds. In 1946 the shoreline dune along the Slough's western edge was breached to provide permanent ocean access for the Moss Landing Harbor. Since the breach of the western dune tidal currents have increased, widening and deepening the main channel of the slough. Projects to minimize the effects of increased tidal influences have been proposed but are associated with great monetary costs and ecological unknowns. Any attempt to slow the currents may have irreversible effects on the ecology. A bathymetyric survey of the slough designed to determine the degree that erosion is changing the slough channel was conducted fro this project. By comparing current channel dimensions with data collected in 1993, this study shows that the Elkhorn Slough has lost 4.66 x 105 m3 of sediment from the main channel between the mouth of the slough and Kirby Park. Channel depths increased an average of 0.52 meters with the greatest change occurring at the slough mouth and at Seal Bend with increases of 24% and 30% respectively. The channel volume increased overall by 15% with the greatest changes at the slough mouth and Seal Bend with increases of 26% and 19% respectively.i      Briggs, K. 19680*Microfaunal distribution in Elkhorn SloughB50 years to complete. This study illustrates a gradual, but predictable process of exotic replacement of native species, and argues strongly against complacency toward invaders that may currently seem innocuous.Byers, James E.s 2000nhEffects of body size and resource availability on dispersal in a native and a non-native estuarine snail82Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 248 2 133-150 esf I!Batillaria attramentaria, exotic, Cerithidea californica, endemic, Gastropods, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Estuarine Ecology, Population Studies, Animal Behavior, Body Size, Climbing, Competition, Dispersal, Dispersal Rate, Emigration, Evolutionary History, Exploitative Competition, Intraspecific Competition, Resource Availability, Resource Levels, Species Density, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuarine, intertidali I manipulated snail densities of two coexisting species of salt marsh snail, Cerithidea californica Haldeman (native) and Batillaria attramentaria Sowerby (non-indigenous) to investigate how resource levels set by intraspecific competition may influence dispersal rates. I used two distinct size classes of the snails (mature and immature) to determine if the effects of competition on dispersal differed between developmental stages of a consumer. Dispersal attempts were measured within enclosure pens by counting snails climbing the sides of the enclosure. The influence of snail density per se and resource levels (which were set by snail densities) on dispersal rates were separated by comparing responses of snails to density before and after resources became depleted. For large snails of both species, dispersal increased as resource levels decreased, supporting the hypothesis that competition influences dispersal rates. Small snails of both species, in contrast, always dispersed at relatively higher rates than larger individuals, but were not influenced by variation in resource levels. This result corroborates other studies that have shown reduced competition in these species at smaller size, and suggests that another mechanism, such as genetically coded behavior to disperse when young, influences their behavior. Previous experiments demonstrated Batillaria's superior resource conversion efficiency; therefore, I had hypothesized that for any given resource level, Cerithidea would disperse more, because it was more affected by resource availability. Adult Batillaria, however, responded more sensitively to resource levels (i.e., dispersed more at any given resource level) than Cerithidea. This counter-intuitive result illustrates the potential importance of genetic limitations on behavioral responses available to a species. Constraints on behavioral responses may have been accentuated since Batillaria is a non-indigenous species whose evolved behavioral responses are not necessarily adapted to its present, non-native environment. IHGRFED2CB&Ad@?>~=JCailliet, G. M. 1992[Demography of the central California population of the leopard shark (Triakis-Semifasciata)t F Z :4Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research431n183-193c Aust J Mar Freshwater Res}Volume 43 not at UCSCtFlVertebrates, Chordates, Fishery Management, Age, Growth, Mortality, Maturity, Fecundity, USA, Elkhorn Slough, fish, sharks, elasmobranches, marine, estuary, ecology, population biology.IDemographic analyses can be quite useful for effectively managing elasmobranch fisheries. However, they require valid estimates of age-specific mortality and natality rates, in addition to information on the distribution, abundance, habits and reproduction of the population, to produce reliable estimates of population growth. Because such detailed ecological information is usually unavailable, complete demographic analyses have been completed for only four shark species: the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias; the soupfin shark, Galeorhinus australis; the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris; and most recently the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus. In California, reliable estimates of age, growth, mortality, age at maturity, and fecundity are available only for the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata. A demographic analysis of this species yielded a net reproductive rate (R0) of 4-467, a generation time (G) of 22.35 years, and an estimate of the instantaneous population growth coefficient (r) of 0.067. If the mean fishing pressure over 10 years (F= 0.084) is included in the survivorship function, R0 and r are reduced considerably, especially if leopard sharks first enter the fishery at early ages. A size limit of 120 cm TL (estimated age 13 years), especially for female sharks, is tentatively proposed for the leopard shark fishery.     * = S z   +  G. Cailliet J. Oliver 19922,Most abundant fish species in Elkhorn SloughFr Elkhorn Slough, fishe Cailliet, G. Oliver, J.s 19926/Ecology of Elkhorn Slough: A weekend minicourseg  Moss Landing & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories March 1992 esf;GElkhorn SloughCailliet, G.M. 1998NGWhat do we really know about marine biodiversity in central California? HAOrville T. Magoon Hugh Converse Brian Baird Melissa Miller-HensonrkCalifornia and the World Ocean '97. Taking a Look at California's Ocean Resource: An Agenda for the Future  Reston, VA *#American Society of Civil Engineers 1394-1409March 24-27, 1997 esfRbiodiversity,Elkhorn Slough, taxonomy,Monterey Bay, central California, review, marine, intertidal, estuarine, subtidal, benthic, pelagic, ecology, fish, invertebrates, algaeThis is a brief overview of what is known about marine biodiversity in the central California coastal region. The term biodiversity has become very popular, but detailed knowledge is often lacking, especially in the ocean. Although much information on the flora and fauna of this coast exists in the form of books, guides and scientific literature, some habitats are still poorly understood. Marine ecosystems can be divided into: 1) well know, 2) moderately know, and 3) poorly known systems. These catagories in general follow a gradient from shallow, coastal habitats to deeper, offshore areas. Marine biologists have an idea which factors are associated with high or low biodiversity, and those that act as threats to it. However, basic information on which species occupy specific habitats, especially those in deeper water, is often lacking. To better understand marine biodiversity, we need to develop and deploy non-destructive survey techniques, increase training of taxonomists, increase support for museums, produce more comprehensive taxonomic aids, and undertake more intensive and long-term surveys of marine ecosystems. Cooperative efforts among state and federal reserves, refuges, preserves, and sanctuaries, specifically the Gulf of the Farallones, Cordell Bank, Monterey Bay and Channel Island National Marine Sanctuaries, can result in major advances in our understanding and preservation of marine biodiversity. xqCalifornia Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, California Regional Water Quality Control Board--Central Coast Region,f 19522+Survey of Moss Landing-Elkhorn Slough areasn JCPrepared for Central Coastal Regional Water Pollution Control Boardl26 ReportMaHBHarbors, California, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County $California Coastal Commission, 1977`YPreliminary staff report on the nomination of a Federal Estuarine Sanctuary in California $California Coastal CommissionlPreliminary Staff ReportMlLFElkhorn Slough, Estuarine Sanctuary, conservation, resource management .'California Department of Fish and Game, 1979LEPre-acquisition planning study for Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary ,&California Department of Fish and Game 141 Draft ReportMs*#Estuarine Sanctuary, Elkhorn Slough .'California Department of Fish and Game,E 1983~Supplemental acquisition application: Narrative and plans for marsh restoration at Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary ,&California Department of Fish and GameMe@9wetlands restoration, Estuarine Sanctuary, Elkhorn Sloughf ,&California Department of Public Works,zCounty of Monterey, Route 56, Section J. Log of test borings: Elkhorn Slough, Sheet I-5 Bridge 44-148. R/L 9/59 and 10/59. 82Division of Highways Bridge, Department District VMlElkhorn Slough. .(California Department of Transportation, 1980lfElkhorn Slough bridge replacement at Moss Landing: Highway One in Monterey County, post mile 96.2/96.8 CA ("California Dept. of Transportation2881Negative Declaration and Environmental Assessment(!UCSC Gov Pubs Cal Docs: T900.El43MlXRElkhorn Slough, bridge replacement, environmental impact assessement, Moss Landing ("California State Lands Commission, 19784.PG&E marine terminal expansion at Moss Landing (!California State Lands Commissione(!Final Environmental Impact Report esfMGf`PG&E, marine terminal expansion, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, topography, geology, seismicity, tides, currents, sediment transport, baseline characterization, water quality, intertidal habitats, sublittoral habitats, pelagic habitats, estuarine habitats, endangered species, refuges and reserves, land use, recreation, water use, terrestrial resources"Only have table of contentsCanright, Anne 1999 Elkhorn Slough sea ottersCalifornia Coast & Ocean151i 32-37SVF?Vertebrates; Chordates; Mammals; Enhydra lutris, Elkhorn Slough Cheiker, S. 194960The zonation of the breakwater at Elkhorn SloughZoology28112-211I82intertidal zonation, Elkhorn Slough, invertebratesONBMBLKrJ6  Chen, Joyce 1993zJMXR activity in coelomic, immature and fertilized oocytes of Urechis caupo =   Monterey, CA Hopkins Marine Station33 Unpublished Student Report esfIhbInvertebrates, Echiura, fat innkeeper worm, Elkhorn Slough, cell biology, biochemistry, immunology|The marine worm Urechis caupo exhibits a multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) similar to multidrug resistance (MDR) in mammalian tumor cells. Urechis oocytes from their developing stages in the coelomic fluid to at least the two day larval stage possess a membranous protein of 160 kD that is immunologically related to the mammalian MDR P-glycoprotein of 170 kD. However, activity of the 160 kd protein is absent in developing coelomic oocytes but is detected once the oocytes reach the storage organs as immature oocytes. Further studies are necessary to investigate the causes for the activity increase of the MXR protein at this stage.LFHopkins: in journals section under "Stanford University Spring Course"  Ciandro, S.G. 1994The percent infection of larval trematodes in Batillaria attramentaria: At three sites in Elkhorn Slough and in three size classes . F  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories10 Unpublished Student Report esfItrematodes, larvae, Batilleria attramentaria, snail, Elkhorn Slough, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Invertebrates, parasites, ecology, intertidal, estuarine, mud flat, parasitologyF?Batilleria attramentaria is found throughout California in bays and estuaries where it was introduced with the oyster industry. It is parasitized by larval trematodes. I studied if the amount of trematode infection would vary in 3 locations and 3 size classes using a 2-way non-parametric ANOVA. I found that the infection did not vary with the location but, did vary with the size class of the snail. This told me that the parasite population can move with the snail. One of the sites was considered a new site for Batilleria attramentaria because it was in an area of restored marsh. This area was opened from pasture land in 1983. I also found that of the infections seen, 92% were from Euhaplorchis californiensis. This species of trematode may either be dominant all year round or could only be dominant at this time of year.multiple copies (2) Clark, L.R. 1972PJLong period wave characteristics in Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough$Department of Natural Sciencen San Jose State University72 M.A. Thesis esfWywaves, water movement, Moss Landing Harbor, Elkhorn Slough, tides, currents, coastal oceanography, estuarine oceanographyu&Conclusions: 1) The tides at Moss Landing differed significantly from the predicted tides at Monterey. There was no apparent pattern for these observed difference, but is presumably due to many interacting factors. 2) Tidal current velocities were shown to depend on the rate of change in water level, H/T. From the relation between H/T and the observed currents, and knowing the channel cross-section, the area of Elkhorn Slough was calculated to be 1.5 km2 at high tide, which is in good agreement with estimates made by othe researchers. 3) The greatest current velocity one might expect at the entrance to Elkhorn Slough would occur during the December spring tides. These velocities would be about 72 cm/s or1.5 knots. 4) Maximum ebbing currents were shown to generally occur before the time of half-tide, and maximum flooding currents after half tide. This indicates that tides in Elkhorn Slough are not pure standing wave tides, but have progressive wave characteristics, probably due to friction in the channel. 5) The tidal currents reached slack water 0-70 min after the observed high or low tide. The difference in time between high and low water and slack water was shown to vary directly with the average maximum velocity, indicating stronger frictional effects on the faster currents. 6) Periodic increases and decreases of current velocities in the current records indicated seiches may be present in the harbor. 7) Maximum seiche currents calculated from the observed periods and wave heights varied from 4 cm/s at high water to 27 cm/s at low water.n Clark, P.C. 1973AAspects of the life history of Tresus nuttallii in Elkhorn Sloughu  /  Haywarde *$California State University, Hayward46 M.A. Thesis5 esfIPelecypoda, Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Spawning, Shell Length, Growth Curve, Ecology, populations ecology, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, marine, benthic, burrowing, mark recapture|uA 2 yr study of the reproductive cycle and growth rate of the gaper clam, T. nuttallii, in Elkhorn Slough indicated that the primary spawning time is from Feb.-April, but some reproduction probably occurs during every month of the year. Based on remeasurement of individually marked clams, a growth curve for clams up to 55 mm (2.2 inches) in shell lengths was established. ("Clark, P. Nybakken, J. Laurent, L. 1975AAspects of the life history of Tresus nuttallii in Elkhorn Sloughd  / California Fish and Game614g215-2275 esfIPelecypoda, Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Spawning, Shell Length, Growth Curve, Ecology, populations ecology, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, marine, benthic, burrowing, mark recapture|uA 2 yr study of the reproductive cycle and growth rate of the gaper clam, T. nuttallii, in Elkhorn Slough indicated that the primary spawning time is from Feb.-April, but some reproduction probably occurs during every month of the year. Based on remeasurement of individually marked clams, a growth curve for clams up to 55 mm (2.2 inches) in shell lengths was established. Cochran, Susan Allene0 1999XRHyperspectral imaging techniques applied to ecosystem health in Elkhorn Slough, CA"Institute of Marine Sciences Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz91 M.S. Thesis*#UCSC Science Stacks: QH541.5.E8 C63Mc^WEcological assessment, California, Elkhorn Slough, Ecosystem management, Remote sensingsSRQP Cogswell, H.L. 1949leAn attempt at a quantitative analysis of the macrofauna of the upper layers of an intertidal mud flatn ("University of California, Berkeley27 Unpublished Student Report esfIinvertebrates, macrofauna, mudflats, benthic communities, Elkhorn Slough, subtidal, intertidal, algae, estuarine, marine, ecology, distribution, abundance, natural history &Thirty relatively undisturbed 2-liter samples of the top 16 centimeters or so of the mud along a 120-yard transverse of an intertidal mud flat from low tide line to about +3.0' were examined quantitatively for macroscopic animals. Forty-three species were found, including 4 nemerteans, 20 polychaetes of 9 families, 4 Pelecypods, 3 decapods, and 7 amphipods. Most of the amphipods and one of the polychaetes were found in direct association with the surface covering of green algae. Other forms were primarily burrowers or used the burrows already made by other species. Numbers of animals varied from a total of 43/10L in the upper zone, at a tide level of 2.7' about 10 yards from a Salicornia covered bank, to 585/10L at tide level 1.8' some 48 yards from the bank, to an average of 105/10L at tide levels 1.2' and 0.2' at 83 and 117 yards respectively, from the bank. A few natural history observations on certain of the animals found are included, together with a list of the 28 kinds of vertebrates recorded by me on the area or in similar parts of the slough nearby. A few species were apparently limited to the lower and a few to the upper portion of the mud flats; but in general, the whole area studied may be characterized as a Phoronopsis viridis - Macoma nasuta association. Although the numbers of animals obtained were too small to be suitable for statistical interpretation, several interesting distributional factors are suggested - especially by a comparison of the populations of 10-liter samples from about midway in each of the 5 zones which were set up on the basis of differences in topography, algal covering, and sandiness of the substratum. The greater regularity of tidal exposure and flooding in the upper middle portion of the mud flats is propsed as a possible factor bringing about the greatest population density there. Factors suggested as operating in secondary ways are the minor topography, the texture of the substratum, the distribution of the algae and perhaps even the exposure to predation by both under water and above water predators. Colbert, D. Moser, D. 1991jdThe effects of bird and fish predation on the abundance of micro-invertebrates in the Elkhorn Slough & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories22 Unpublished Student Report esf5I5invertebrates, birds, fish, predator-prey relationships, Elkhorn Slough, vertebrates, mudflats, estuarine, benthic, ecology, foraging, caging effects, experimental manipulations,The effects of shallow-feeding shorebirds and benthic-feeding fish on the abundance of infauna on an Elkhorn Slough mudflat were investigated by differentially removing predators with exclusion cages. Cores taken within treatments revealed that oligochaetes were the dominant class. There was no significant difference in the mean number of invertebrates among the treatments, indicating that predation did not affect species abundance of micro-invertebrates within the study area. Control cages separated the effects of predation from the effects of caging. No detectable artifacts resulted from experimental manipulations using exclosures. No birds were observed on the mudflats while the cages were deployed. After cages were removed, birds were seen feeding, possibly indicating cage avoidance. Fish predation was not significant. Trends int he mean abundance of invertebrates among fish exposures suggest fish predation may have had a significant effect if the cages were deployed longer.s "U.S. Department of Commerce 1987>8National Estuarine Reserve Research System Research Plan Washington, D. C. "U.S. Department of Commerce51 March 1987 research plan esfMElkhorn Slough  Connors, E. 1996ngHave degraded salt marshes become suitable intertidal feeding grounds for shorebirds in Elkhorn Slough? Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories22 Unpublished Student Report esfBElkhorn Slough, birds, foraging, shorebird distribution, estuarine, intertidal, marsh, ecology, habitat comparisons, sediment types4Degraded saltmarsh habitat has been transformed into mudflats in the northern portion of Elkhorn Slough, a shallow tidal embayment and seasonal estuary located on the central coast of California. Shorebird densities were compared between older mudflats and more recently formed mudflats. A significantly greater denstiy of shorebirds was found in more recently formed mudflats. This could be due to abundant Enteromorpha and Ulva cover, a unique biological component of these mudflats which may be responsible for a potentially greater invertebrate population than in the older bare mudflats. Additionally, the older mudflats have greater exposure to onshore winds, cooling the substrate at a more rapid rate, and resulting in less accessible prey. Larger sediment grain size may also affect feeding success, resulting in differences in shorebird utilization of the two mudflat types. An extended field study encompassing all seasons may shed more light on the abiotic and biotic factors affecting shorebird distribution.r "*#Gobalet, Kenneth W. Jones, Terry L.e 1995LEPrehistoric Native American fisheries of the central California coast 4.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124l6813-823UCSC does not haveH$Ecology, Freshwater, anthropology, Marine, Systematics, taxonomy, Osteichthyes, Pisces, Human, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Humans, Mammals, Nonhuman vertebrates, Primates, Vertebrates, Archaeology, Species distribution, Species diversity, Social Biology, Human Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, Morro Bay, Pajaro river, Salinas river, Pacific herring Clupea pallasi, Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax, northern anchovy Engraulis mordax, topsmelt Atherinops affinis, jacksmelt Atherinopsis californiensis, California grunion Leuresthes tenuis, surfperches,Over 77,000 fish remains from 51 archaeological sites on the central California coast between San Mateo and San Luis Obispo counties, deposited between 6200 B.C. and A.D. 1830, were studied to assess prehistoric species distribution, diversity, and Native American fisheries. Remains were obtained from exposed rocky coastal sites, lagoon-estuaries at Elkhorn Slough and Morro Bay, and the freshwater drainages of the Pajaro and Salinas rivers. On the rocky coast, 58.4% of the remains represented large inshore species, 26.9% were small schooling species, and 11.8% were surfperches (family Embiotocidae). Large inshore species included rockfishes Sebastes spp., lingcod Ophiodon elongatus, kelp greenling Hexagrammos decagrammus, cabezon Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, and monkeyface prickleback Cebidichthys violaceus. At Elkhorn Slough and Morro Bay, about half of the remains of marine species represented moderately small schooling species, including Pacific herring Clupea pallasi, Pacific sardine Sardinops sagax, northern anchovy Engraulis mordax, topsmelt Atherinops affinis, jacksmelt Atherinopsis californiensis, and California grunion Leuresthes tenuis. Surfperches also were common, and specialized local fisheries for flounders or sharks and rays were suggested. Aquatic conditions at Elkhorn Slough were dramatically different from those that exist today. Sites on Elkhorn Slough had both marine and freshwater fishes and showed site occupation when the Salinas River entered the slough and did not follow its present course into Monterey Bay. Sacramento perch Archoplites interruptus was the most abundant species found at freshwater sites, and remains of extinct thicktail chub Gila crassicauda confirm its presence in the Pajaro and Salinas rivers. Surprisingly rare are the remains of steelhead (the anadromous form of rainbow trout) Oncorhynchus mykiss. As is the case today, Pacific salmon were apparently absent from central coast streams South of the San Lorenzo River. Presumably the remains reflect local species availability. Golet, D.S. 1997Fine-scale vertical distribution of denitrification potential, denitrifying bacteria and benzoate utilization in intertidal microbial mat communities$Department of Marine Sciences Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz82 M.S. Thesis esfZElkhorn Slough, Tomales Bay, nitrogen utilization, xenobiotic carbon mineralization, nitrous oxide, nitrate, biochemistry, marine, estuarine, intertidal, benthicWe studied nitrogen and carbon dynamics in two estuarine microbial mat communities by measuring the depth distribution of potential denitrification rates, nutrients, xenobiotic carbon mineraliztion rates and bacterial abundance. Denitrification was detected (as nitrous oxide production) in microbial mat cores from both Elkhorn Slough and Tomales Bay. Maximum measured denitrification rates at both sites were in the surface (0-2 mm) region, although these maximum rates were about 150-fold higher at Elkhorn Slough than at Tomales Bay. Ambient pore water nutrient profiles showed lower [NOx} in the upper (0-6 mm) region of the cores at both sites. Throughout the core depth, [NOx] was always substantially greater at Elkhorn Slough than at Tomales Bay. Incorporation and mineralization of benzoate was measurable at Elkhorn Slough, and maximum rates of both parameters occurred near the mat surface (2-4 mm). Abundance of the denitrifier TBD-8b, as well as of the total bacterial population, was greatest near the surface (0-4 mm) at both sites. Gorham, L.C. 199781Endosulfan residue in sediments of Elkhorn SloughDepartment of Biology Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruzl28 Senior Thesis esf=C=nhtoxicology, pollution, Elkhorn Slough, chemistry, biochemistry, endosulfan residues, estuarine sediments:4This study developed a method for cleanup of endosulfan residues from sediment extracts. Sediment samples were extracted with dichloromethane, concentrated, and exchanged into hexane solvent. Endosulfan I, II and endosulfan sulfate residues were then applied to a commercially available 12 gram silica column and eluted with dichloromethane. Gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GCECD) allowed determination of endosulfan levels from the eluate. The technique yielded 90 +/- 9.3 percent recovery of dieldrin, the surrogate standard. This method was used to analyze samples collected from Elkhorn Slough, a wetlands area bordered by agriculture fields in Monterey, California. Sediment samples were taken from three distinct sites representing the mouth, midstream, and upstream areas of the slough. Endosulfan concentrations ranged from 0.37 parts per billion at the upstream stie, where this level of contamination may have significance environmentally. This work generated a rapid, simple method for the isolation of endosulfan residues from sediment extracts.PJ1 time sampling, Highest concentrations 3.8 ppb at Azevedo South Pond siteYXWV^U T Cooper, J.W. 1979qEcological aspects of Tubularia crocea (Agassiz, 1862) and its nudibranch predators in Elkhorn Slough, California>  &  Hayward? *$California State University, Hayward 107 M.A. Thesis esf IuTubularia crocea; hydroids; nudibranchs; predator-prey relationships; Elkhorn Slough; Cnidaria; Hydrozoa; Mollusca; Opisthobranchia; Gastropoda; Invertebrates;n$want abstractCrampton, Todd Alana 1994PJLong term effects of Moss Landing Harbor on the wetlands of Elkhorn Slough"Department of Earth Sciences Santa Cruz, CA *$University of California, Santa Cruz81 M.S. Thesis esfMWetlands, California, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, Coastal ecology, coastal geology, sediment, scour, erosion, currents, marine, estuarine, saltmarsh f The construction of Moss Landing Harbor and its entrance channel in 1946 at the mouth of Elkhorn Slough initiated ongoing erosion of the slough's wetland habitats. The pre-harbor slough was a shallow, tidally restricted lagoon with mild tidal currents and extensive saltmarshes. Excavation and maintenance of the harbor opening transformed the slough into an estuarine tidal embayment with vigorous tidal currents, initiating channel and saltmarsh erosion. Field investigation and historical data analysis indicates that present day rates of channel scour and bank recession are higher than average post-harbor rates of channel scour and bank recession in many areas of the slough, and that the marshplain flanking the northwest edge of the upper slough has been lowered by surface scouring. Scouring by tidal currents caused 5.8 m of vertical channel degradation at the mouth of Elkhorn Slough from 1946-1993, declining to 2.2 m approximately 2.6 km and 1 m approximately 4.3 km upstream. Channel depth at the slough mouth has not increased since 1988, but channel degradation is ongoing at the upstream sites: the thalweg at 2.6 km deepened 0.4 m from 1988-1993, while at 4.3 km the thalweg deepend 0.6 m, from 1986-1993. Accelerated rates of channel scour at these locations, particularity at 4.3 km, suggest tht maintenance dredging of the harbor entrance channel is inducing headward erosion. Channel depths at locations yet further upstream have not increased since 1988. Approximately 0.42 x 106m3 of material was eroded from the subtidal Elkhorn Slough channel from 1988-1993, 80% of which was derived from between the mouth and 4.3 km. I estimate that 1.61 x 106m3 of material was eroded from the slough's subtidal channel from 1946-1993. Saltmarshes have been retreating from the axis of the Elkhorn Slough at an average rate of 18 cm/yr since 1946. Present day rates of saltmarsh edge retreat average 39 cm/yr, and rates as high as 188 cm/yr were measured 4.8 km up the channel. In general, the northwest edge of the mid- to lower slough shows the greatest rates of saltmarsh bank recession. Saltmarsh banks in four of the slough's major tributaries are presently retreating at an average rate of 41 cm/yr. Retreat of the saltmarsh edge occurs through undercutting and collapse. Tidal currents notch the marsh edge below the active root layer of the surface vegetation, leading to the collapse of root-bound blocks of soil. The average lateral increment of saltmarsh retreat measured was 50 cm. Other factors contributing to saltmarsh bank failure include crab burrowing, subsurface drainage, desiccation cracks, and small wind waves and boat wakes. The deterioration of large areas of saltmarsh vegetation has led to widespread scouring of the marshplain surface. In the upper slough, the marshplain surface was lowered by as much as 23 cm from 1946-1993, due to surface scouring by tidal currents. The average rate of surface lowering in the upper slough is 3.9 mm/yr.               HACreative Environment Conservation Inc., Crawford Multari & Starr, 19942,Moss Landing Harbor resource management plan Moss Landing, CA "Moss Landing Harbor District95 Draft Report esfM}Moss Landing Harbor, resource management, marine, estuarine, flora, fauna, wetland, sediment, coastal habitat, Elkhorn SloughgThis report provides a framework for developing the harbor master plan. It focuses on planning issues which were incompletely addressed in past plans. The most important of these concerns the environment. As a result, the report gives a detailed description of the natural resources under harbor jurisdiction so that substantive environmental problems can be defined and solved. The report culminates in a series of resource management recommendations with an implementation schedule for the responsible parties. These recommendations include the following topics: dredging, beach enrichment, canyon disposal, non-point source pollution, Salinas River bypass, soil erosion, wetland filters, wetland creation, Bennett Slough management alternatives, salamander habitat, resource land transfers, landscaping concepts, commercial fishing, public access, Potrero Road property, public education, shoreline protection, erosion and flood control, culteral resources, vessel maintenance, harbor master plan.Davis, J. Baldridge, A. 1980 The Bird Year Pacific Grove, CA  Boxwood Press 224iBa4-birds, Elkhorn Slough; Vertebrates; Chordates :4De Vogelaere, A. Holte, J Silberstein, M. Jacobi, M. 1998<6A species list for Elkhorn Slough and adjacent uplands 82Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve25spRn$invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough @9DeMars, E.W. Lamb, R. Farrel, B. King, J.M. Hitchcock, M. 1980F@North County diking, dredging, filling, and shoreline structures *#Monterey County Planning Department20Draft Background Report esfMvpElkhorn Slough, diking, dredging, filling, land alteration, subtidal, intertidal, estuarine, wetland, managementDiking, dredging, and filling activities play a valuable protective and constructive role along the North County coast. However, unnecessary or ill-planned activities of this nature can seriously alter the natural environment and adversely impact important biological habitats, drainage patterns, and the scenic character of coastal, river, and estuarine shorelines. Therefore, it is the County's objective to preserve and protect the coastal estuaries and wetlands in as natural a state as possible and carry out the requirements of the Coastal Act. To this end, this report recommends: 1) avoid further alterations of natural shoreline processes including, drainage, erosion, water circulation, and sand transport. 2) dredging and spoils disposal should be planned and carried out to aviod significant disruption to marine, estuarine and wetland habitats, and the patterns and volume of water circulation. 3) Diking, dredging, or filling in Elkhorn Slough, Bennett/Struve Slough, McClusky Slough, Moro Cojo Slough, and Parson's Slough should maintain or enhance the biological productivity of the wetland or estuary. Any alteration of the coastal estuaries and wetlands in North County should be limited to restorative measures and minor facilities associated with access, research, education, and aquaculture. 4) Any site disrupted by diking, dredging, or filling activities should be fully restored to its original condition whenever possible. The initial restoration work should be undertaken immediately following project complettion. 5) If diking, dredging, or filling alternatives exist for a project, the least environmentally damaging alternative should be selected whenever possible.  |@ lfElkhorn Slough, birds, shorebirds, estuary, ecology, baseline characterization, survey, Pacific flywayxuElkhorn Slough, birds, shorebirds, marsh, estuary, mudflats, ecology, restoration, conservation, foraging, managementXSElkhorn Slough, Birds, Vertebrate, marsh, ecology, foraging, seasonality, abundanceElkhorn Slough, Birds, vertebrates, Species Composition, Ecosystem, Feeding Ecology, Animal Behavior, Nutrition, shorebirds, marine, estuary, mudflats, saltponds, saltmarshes, seasonality@XRElkhorn Slough, bridge replacement, environmental impact assessement, Moss Landing Elkhorn Slough, CaliforniaZ84Elkhorn Slough, California, History, Monterey CountyPJElkhorn Slough, California, Monterey Bay, Carcinonemertes epialti, estuarynce<8Elkhorn Slough, California, Pictorial works, photographshcElkhorn Slough, Chondrichthyes, Animals, Fish, shark, Developmental Biology, genetics, pigmentationxsElkhorn Slough, Chondrichthyes, Animals, Fish, shark, Developmental Biology, genetics, pigmentation, elasmobranchesxrElkhorn Slough, Chondrichthyes, Animals, Fish, shark, Developmental Biology, genetics, pigmentation, elasmobranchsElkhorn Slough, Chondrichthyes, Echiuroidea, Pelecypoda, Pisces, Animals, Arthropods, Chordates, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer gracilis, Cancer productus, Cancer antennarius, Urechis caupo, Clam, Size, AnimaElkhorn Slough, clam beds,(Elkhorn Slough, clam beds, invertebratesHCElkhorn Slough, commerical fisheries, fish assemblages, vertebrates83Elkhorn Slough, conservation strategies, watershed,Elkhorn Slough, DDT, Blanco Drain, Salinas River, aquatic toxicology, water quality, fish, sediment, freshwater, estuarine, chemistry, pesticideElkhorn Slough, DDT, Blanco Drain, Salinas River, aquatic toxicology, water quality, fish, sediment, freshwater, estuarine, chemistry, pesticidesElkhorn Slough, DDT, Blanco Drain, Salinas River, aquatic toxicology, water quality, fish, sediment, freshwater, estuarine, chemistry, pesticides, pollutionElkhorn Slough, DDT, Blanco Drain, Salinas River, aquatic toxicology, water quality, fishes, sediment, freshwater, estuarine, chemistry, pesticides, pollutiontpElkhorn Slough, diking, dredging, filling, land alteration, subtidal, intertidal, estuarine, wetland, managementTQElkhorn Slough, disturbance, restoration, estuary, watershed, resource managementElkhorn Slough, ecology, species diversity, Vertebrates, Chordates, birds, plants, topography, reserve design, terrestrial, island, marsh, resource managementjY(#Elkhorn Slough, education, habitatsElkhorn Slough, elasmobranches, chondrichthys, fishes, sharks, smoothhounds, marine, estuary, ecology, population biology, reproduction, age, growthElkhorn Slough, elasmobranchs, chondrichthys, fishes, sharks, smoothhounds, marine, estuary, ecology, population biology, reproduction, age, growth4.Elkhorn Slough, environmental impact statementElkhorn Slough, estuaries, central California, marine, baseline characterization, biogeography, oceanography, microorganisms, invertebrates, fish, birds, disturbanceLFElkhorn Slough, Estuarine Sanctuary, conservation, resource managementElkhorn Slough, estuarine, fish, smelt, Atherinid, Atherinopsis californiensis, Atherinops affinis, pelagic, spawning, juvenile habitat, ecology, distribution, abundance, habitat utilization, population ecologya2`_^].\,[fZV "Dickert, T. G. Tuttle, A. E. 1980leElkhorn Slough watershed: Linking the cumulative impacts of watershed development to coastal wetlandsi  Berkeley, CA LEInstitute of Urban and Regional Development, University of Californiar 473r10/31/80 Final Report esffMowatershed, wetlands, land use, resource management, development impacts, hydrology, sedimentation, salinity, precipitation, run-off, erosion, Elkhorn Sloughr~xThis report presents the results of a two year study on the effects of land use change on the hydrologic processes in the 70 square mile watershed of Elkhorn Slough. The primary focus of this work has been to develop a planning system which will accomodate future development in such a way that the health and productivity of the Slough ecosystem will be maintained. The investigation has shown that development activities, especially agriculture, on the erosive soils in the watershed area a major cause of deleterious sedimentation occurring on the Slough wetlands. This can be reduced by conscientious attention to a planning system which reduces development disturbance and allocates development to less erodible sites. The Elkhorn Slough watershed has served as a prototype for developing a model planning system which addresses the problem of the cumulative impact of upland land use on estuarine systems. THe methods developed here are important in that they can be applied to other coastal wetland watersheds. Further research will test the transferability of these methods using sites on the Northern and Southern California coasts. NGDickert, T. Nybakken, J. Cailliet, G. Foster, M. Morejohn, G. Page, G.b 1980|vWetlands management in coastal zone planning: A prototype framework for relating natural science and land-use planning California Sea Grant0*College Program Biennial Report, 1978-1980M1>7land use, resource management, wetlands, Elkhorn Slough *$Dickert, Thomas G. Tuttle, Andrea E. 1981leElkhorn Slough watershed: Linking the cumulative impacts of watershed development to coastal wetlandsg  Berkeley, CA TNInstitute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California Berkeley 520eSummary ReportMsb\Estuarine area conservation, California, Monterey County, Planning, Elkhorn Slough WatershedAppendix A. Hydrologic analysis Appendix B. Upland erosion and deposition Appendix C. Time series analysis Appendix D. Measurement of site disturbance"Dickert, T. G. Tuttle, A. E. 1985b[Cumulative impact assessment in environmental planning: A coastal wetland watershed example,&Environmental Impact Assessment Review5 37-64 esfMEnvironmental impact analysis, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Environmental conditions, coastal zone management, planning, environmental impact, wetlands, marine, Brackish, Freshwater, land use, conservationTNSeveral theoretical, analytical, and institutional difficulties have impeded the development and application of the assessment of cumulative environmental impacts. Watershed development on coastal wetlands offers an ideal context for evaluating the land disturbance target approach to cumulative impact assessment. A model land use planning system involving a time series approach was developed for Elkhorn Slough in California. The approach included four major components: evaluation of erosion susceptibility, measurement of land disturbance, establishment of a land disturbance target, and a comparison of existing and target land disturbance values. Further research is needed to test the transferability of the approach in a wide range of coastal watersheds and to verify the applicability of the methods to other cumulative impact problems.multiple copies (2)o&Dickert, T. G. Olshansky, R. B. 1986TMEvaluating erosion susceptibility for land-use planning in coastal watersheds&Coastal Zone Management Journal 13 3-4309-333p esfeMCalifornia, Elkhorn Slough, coastal zone management, Monterey County, erosion control, watersheds, wetlands, Marine, Brackish, land use, land management, conservation, land disturbance index, topography, sedimentation>This paper reports on research conducted in support of a coastal zone management effort to reduce erosion and sedimentation impacts in a wetland watershed, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Co., CA. The research reviews methods of determining soil erosion susceptibility and relating it to land-use intensity within the watershed, measured by a land disturbance index. Erosion susceptibility is measured in three ways: by a combination of slope and the erosion factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation; by field measurement of erosion and deposition on selected sites; and by computer-assisted terrain analysis of data from secondary sources. Land use is shown to be a more important factor than landform in influencing relative erosion susceptibility. .'Dietz, S. A. Hildebrandt, W. Jones, T.. 1988xrArchaeological investigations at Elkhorn Slough: CA-MNT-229. A middle period site on the central California coast  Berkeley, CA 0)Northern California Anthropological Groupp 475 March 198882UCSC Science Maps: E78.C15D54 Library Use Only esfHn~wIndians of North America, California, antiquities, archaeology, Elkhorn Slough, excavations, environmental archaeology,2,3 papers in Northern California Anthropology Dodd, T. 1984tmAn analysis of recolonization of two restoration areas by infaunal intertidal invertebrates in Elkhorn Sloughl Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories25 Unpublished Student Report esfIwetlands restoration, infaunal invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough, polychaetes, amphipods, copepods, bivalves, gastropods, benthic, estuarine, ecology, conservation, managementThis paper addresses the recolonization process currently underway in the two intertidal Elkhorn Slough restoration areas. What was considered was the recolonization of these areas by infaunal benthic invertebrates. The data gathered in the Salt Ponds area the first ever collected in this restoration area, where as those gathered in the ESNES Area represent one sampling in a series of samples taken at roughly 2 to 3 month intervals over time since restoration commenced there. Purposes of this study included: 1) To evaluate methods of monitoring the recolonization process 2) to evaluate recolonization of these intertidal estuarine areas by infaunal organisms. 3) to investigate environmental parameters that may have some affect on any observed differences. Conclusions: Recolonization of restoration areas can be monitored by assessments of the intertidal infauna communities, but this is very tedious. This study concludes that recolonization in each of the two restoration areas is progressing. This is indicated by absolute densities as well as by indicator species. Several future studies are called for. Besides the obviously needed processing of the additional replicates at stations IV, V, VI, and VII, future possibilities include: 1) imploving the samping methods, with the goal of finding an adequate core or a standardized depth aimed at obtaining reduces amounts of mud. This will allow a much more thorough monitoring of progress and is an essential beginning. 2) establishing parallel controls and following the progress of recolonization over time in both an established and a developing community. 3) processing the sediment cores taken at the various sites and continuing to monitor sedimentation and its effect on recolonization.  Dondero, S. 1984ZTPreliminary report on archaeological testing, CA-MNT-229, Elkhorn Slough, California PICalifornia Department of Transportation, Office of Environmental Analysisn 150lPreliminary Report esfEMr"archaeology, Elkhorn Slough; have 2 copies; jzihgf<e"dc^bDuffy, Allison 2000haThe Prioritization of maritime chaparral patches for conservation in the Elkhorn Slough watershed\*#Department of Environmental Studiest Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz Senior Thesis Not in UCSC library systemPztElkhorn Slough, land management, plants, landscapes, maritime chaparral, ecology, management, land use, conservationMaritime chaparral in the Elkhorn Slough watershed is threatened by fragmentation and needs to be preserved. Due to limited resources, the Elkhorn Slough Foundation needed a way to rank the over 60 remaining patches for conservation potential. I used GIS to map and gather the information necessary for prioritization. I then developed a ranking system based on three indices including ten ecological and economic criteria. Patches that ranked high on the ecological integrity index, the connectivity index and the economic feasibility index were considered desirable purchases. Results of the total index included three distinct groups of patches, which would be good purchases for conservation. I recommend several purchase options that are organized in two stages. The highest priority for conservation is one of the groups of three patches located between Blohm Ranch and Long Valley. Surveys of the biological resources and ecological status of the patches would be a useful addition to the analysis.(!only have Title page and abstractEaton, R. A. Arp, A. J. 1993UAerobic respiration during sulfide exposure in the marine echiuran worm Urechis caupoJ H Physiological Zoologyu661e 1-19 Physiol Zool esfIlHydrogen Sulfide, Animal Tissue, Oxidation, Blood, Invertebrates, Echiura, fat innkeeper worm, Elkhorn Slough, Coelomic Fluid, Hematin, Oxygen Consumption, Tidal Exposure, ecology, physiology, biochemistry, benthic, mudflatsjUrechis caupo inhabit U-shaped burrows in mudflats where they are exposed to toxic hydrogen sulfide. During tidal exposure sulfide levels average 27 muM and oxygen levels average 77 mmHg. The oxygen consumption rate (VO2) of U. caupo was measured at varying partial pressures of oxygen and with and without sulfide to investigate whether aerobic respiration is maintained during tidal exposure. Animals exposed to PO2's as low as 32 mmHg and sulfide concentrations of less than 30 muM did not significantly change VO2 (mean VO2 = 0. 039 +/- 0.016 mL O2. g-1. h-1), although there was a general trend of increased VO2 with increased sulfide. We investigated whether this animal avoids sulfide toxicity by oxidation of sulfide catalyzed by coelomic fluid hematin. A positive correlation was found between VO2 and hematin concentration for animals exposed to 4-29 muM sulfide. The VO2 of coelomic fluid samples measured in vitro showed a peak VO2 and positive correlation with hematin concentration at 17 muM sulfide. Oxygen consumption rates of hematin isolated from the coelomic fluid showed a positive correlation between VO2 and sulfide concentration at 1.0 and 1.8 mM hematin, and VO2 was significantly greater at 1.8 mM hematin in the presence of sulfide. These results suggest that oxygen consumption in U. caupo is not inhibited at environmental oxygen and sulfide levels and that the elevation in VO2 observed in the presence of sulfide in vitro may be due to oxidation of sulfide by coelomic fluid hematin.      $   EDAW, Inc. 197881Federal permit proposal evaluation elkhorn slough US Fish and Wildlife56 Jan 23, 1978 esf\MtElkhorn Slough Eissinger, R. A. 1969 Elkhorn Slough clam survey NHCalifornia Department of Fish and Game, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories38 Final ReportI\\Uclams, Elkhorn Slough, benthic invertebrates, benthic communities, bivalvia, Molluscaw$want abstract Eissinger, R.A. 1970f`Density distributions of economically important species of clams in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 147. Unpublished Student Reportsp esfIclams, Elkhorn Slough, benthic invertebrates, benthic communities, bivalvia, Mollusca, distribution, abundance, harvesting pressure, estuarine, ecologyfA study was conducted for the California Department of fish and game in 1969 to determine the density distribution of the gaper, little neck, and Washington clams in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing. Populations were counted by randomly selecting 100 sp. ft. plots and counting the clam siphons for each species. A subsequent survey of one of the areas in 1970 was conducted to discover any density differences occurring during the year period. Areas of lowered density were attributed to intense clammer pressure in these more accessible areas. Areas of increased populations were attributed to a neglected area of smaller class clamsand to clammer inaccessibility in other areas.  Elkhorn Slough Clam Beds,\Elkhorn Slough clam beds4o esf\I.(Elkhorn Slough, clam beds, invertebrates <6Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary Advisory Committee, 1985B;Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary Management Pland Sanctuary Programs Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and The Resource Agency, California Department of Fish and Game 137 esfMlXQElkhorn Slough, resource management, Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary,d]Reprt includes: Background information on the area, its resources, uses and current management; Sanctuary goals and management objectives; a description of the action plan, including resource protection, research, education and recreation, and land acquisition; a description of the facilities and staff a description of the administrative framework :3Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 1994.'The birds of the south marsh loop trail}11Pamphlet esfBNGbirds, Elkhorn Slough, field guide, trail guide; Vertebrates; Chordates 82Emmett, R.L. Hinton, S.A. Stone, S.L. Monaco, M.E. 1991yDistribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in West Coast Estuaries, Volume II: Species Life History Summaries  Rockville, MD ,%Strategic Assessment Branch, NOS/NOAA 329 ELMR Rep. No. 8 esf F, Ivertebrates, fishes, invertebrates, benthic communities, estuarine communities, species life histories, Elkhorn Slough, ecology, bivalves, crustaceansThis is the second of two volumes that present information on the spatial and temporal distributions, relative abundance, and life history characteristics of 47 fish and invertebrates species in 32 estuaries along the contiguous west coast of the U.S. Information presented in this volume focuses on species life history summaries which were written to identify the critical life history characteristics that help define a species' occurrence in estuaries. The life history summaries are not a complete treatise on each species; however, they provide a consice account of the most important physical and biological factors known to influence a species' occurrence. #{E(salt marshes, vegetation cover, competition, Salicornia virginica, Jaumea carnosa, Frankenia grandifolia, California, Elkhorn Slough, Atriplex, Brackish, plant, ecology, community, growth rate, flower production, seeds, popultion dynamics, plants4.Santa Cruz County (Calif.) Aerial photographs.D@Santa Cruz County, Aerial photographs, Ao Nuevo, Elkhorn SloughSanta Cruz County, Aerial photographs, San Mateo County, San Francisco, San Francisco International Airport, Moffett Field, San Jose, Elkhorn Slough, Gilroy<6Santa Cruz County, Aerial photographs. Elkhorn Slough,Saxidomus-nuttallisat Sea OttersInvhdseasonal distribution, planktonic, marine, estuarine, ecology, distribution, abundance, seasonalitylTNshore birds, marine reserve, Elkhorn Slough, conservation, resource managementXUshore birds, marine reserve, Elkhorn Slough, conservation, resource management, birdsshorebirds, Calidris alpina, dunlin, Charadriiformes, Calidris mauri, western sandpiper, Birds, Animals, Wildlife Management, USA, Pacific Coast, Conservation, Ecology, Terrestrial, Breeding, Relative Abundance, Wetland Distribution, Elkhorn Slough, est shorebirds, Elkhorn sloughZSites, Depth, Reduction, Profiles, Scale, Incubation, California, Production rate, Sediments, Harbors, Microorganisms, Bays, Nitration, Hybridization, Estuaries, Acclimatization, Mats, Benzoates, Xenobiotic, Tomales Bay, Elkhorn SloughSoil conservation, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Water quality management, sociology, farming practices, ethnicity, agriculture, policy, resource management, land useSoil conservation, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Water quality management, sociology, farming practices, ethnicity, agriculture, policy, resource management, land use, agriculturesoils`]soils, soil types, ElkhornSlough, resource management, conservation, agriculture, terrestrial40specific habitat - benthic, pelagic, marsh, etc.t0*specific taxon - crabs, elasmobranchs, etced PMspecific topic - monitoring, natural history, restoration, human impact, etc. spongesbrsuccession, Elkhorn Slough, community ecology, invertebrates, amphipods, egg masses, algae, Mytilus, Balanus, barnacles, mussels, gastropods, pelecypods, brittle stars, intertidal, marine, subtidal, benthic surfperch`Zsurfperch, Elkhorn Slough, Cymatogaster aggregata, Embiotoca jacksoni, Phanerodon furcatusjYSustainable agriculture, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Wetland conservation, Agricultural pollution, water quality management, Erosion, ecology, non-point source pollution, sediment, nitrogen, plants, animals, estuary, terrestrial, resource manXStemperature, salinity, Elkhorn Slough, hydrography, oceanography, marine, estuarinethermal discharges, Contra Costa power plant, Morro Bay, pismo clam, Bodega Bay, Pittsburg, water temperature, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough,thermal discharges, Contra Costa power plant, Morro Bay, pismo clam, Bodega Bay, Pittsburg, water temperature, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates4 thymidinetidal`\tidal creeks, prey types, estuarine, marine, juvenile fish, distribution, abundance, ecology tidal scourlhtoxicology, pollution, Elkhorn Slough, chemistry, biochemistry, endosulfan residues, estuarine sediments treefrogstrematodes, larvae, Batilleria attramentaria, snail, Elkhorn Slough, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Invertebrates, parasites, ecology, intertidal, estuarine, mud flat, parasitologyTresus nuttallillTubularia crocea(%upper slough, lower slough comparison Urechisbr Urechis caupo@MacGinitie, G.E. 1927*$Ecological aspects of Elkhorn Slough  Palo Alto, CA 2+Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University 206  M.A. Thesissp esflR$invertebrates, Elkhorn SloughMacGinitie, G.E. 193581Ecological aspects of a California marine estuary"American Midland Naturalist165629-765\sp esf RetmInvertebrates, Vertebrates, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, natural history, estuary, marine ecology, marine biologyIncludes the following: Introduction to Elkhorn Slough Materials Used Location and Physical Features Tides, Bottom Soil Plant Life Temperature, Oxygen, Salinity, Light, Pollution Food supply Association, Zoning and Numbers, Abundance of Organisms, New species and Extension of Ranges Parasitism and commensalism Tropisms in General Nocturnal Activities Concerning Migrations from Ocean to Land Geological Indications Phyletic Catalog of Animals BibliographyF?have pages 629-660; has up to New species and range extensions *#Madrone Associates, Jones & Stokes,t 1979LEPre-acquisition planning study for Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuarye  Novato, CA >7Prepared for the California Department of Fish and Gameh 141iFebruary 28, 1979= Review Draft.:<5UCSC Science Maps: QH91.75.U5P74 Library Use Only esfrMaF?Marine parks and reserves, California, Elkhorn Slough, Planningn Malzone, C. Kvitek, R. 1994JDTidal scour, erosion, and habitat loss in Elkhorn Slough, California 6/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\ Dec. 31, 1994{& Elkhorn Slough Foundation Report esfGLEtidal scour; Elkhorn Slough; California; estuary; marsh; human impact60This work documents recent changes in the tidal volume, salt marsh cover, channel widths and current speeds in Elkhorn Slough, California. The present rates of channel and bank erosion in the Elkhorn Slough indicate that the tidal scour process has yet to reach a steady state and is still increasing. Tidal volume of the slough increased 43% in the last decade. Surface area covered with salt water increased by 48%. Tidal currents increased to nearly 3 knots, more than 50% above those measured in the 1970's. Tidal channell widths have increased by as much as 40% in the Parson's Slough area. Erosion of salt marsh and levee banks show losses of >1 m/yr in the last year of study. The detailed bathymetry of the slough channel was surveyed twice during the study period. The channel has deepened and widened since the last survey was done in 1987. Estimates of suspended sediment loss shows between 2,200 - 5,000 cubic yards per year eroded from the slough (2 - 5,000,000 kg/yr.). A series of recommendations are proposed to slow tidal currents in the slough.Award No. NA370M0523 Marchette, Nyven J.r 1952LFThe invertebrate associates of some common Monterey intertidal sponges Bodega Marine Laboratory22 Unpublished Student ReportIyF@Elkhorn Slough; Invertebrates; Hopkins Marine Station; Porifera;$want abstractn0ml k .'Fain, S. R. Detomaso, A. Alberte, R. S. 1992Characterization of disjunct populations of Zostera marina (eelgrass) from California: Genetic differences resolved by restriction-fragment length polymorphisms , : Marine Biology 112p4h683-689iMar Biol esfmPmzsPotamogetonaceae, Monocotyledones, Angiospermae, Spermatophyta, Plantae, Angiosperms, Monocots, Plants, Spermatophytes, Vascular plants, USA, Ribosomal, Dna, Habitat, Depth, ecology, RFLP, restriction-fragment length polymorphisms, San Diego, Monterey Bay, Del Monte Beach, Elkhorn Slough, Tomales Bay, Biogeography, Population genetics, sea grass, Zostera marina, marineComparative restriction-fragment analysis was used to analyze the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 loci of Zostera marina L., for variation within and among populations. Eelgrass is a perenhial marine flowering plant that is widespread and ecologically significant throughout the temperate northern hemisphere. A chemical method was developed to obtain restriction-quality DNA without CsCl fractionation from experimentally relevant quantities of seagrass tissues (0.5 to 1.0 g). The yield was 25 .{mu}.g g-1 fresh weight. The three morphologically distinct forms of Z. marina from disjunct populations examined in this study were found to be genetically distinct; morphologically similar populations were indistinguishable genetically. Genetic distinction also correlated with habitat depth, as subtidal and intertidal populations were clearly divergent. Homologous probes for the 17S and 28S ribosomal DNA genes were used to map 24 restriction sites on the rDNA repeat of Z. marina, which was determined to be about 14 kb in length. At least 1 length mutation and 5 restriction-sitl changes were identified that distinguished Z. marina populations from San Diego [California, USA] and Monterey Bay (Del Monte Beach) from Z. marina populations from Elkhorn Slough and Tomales Bay. Estimated sequence variation (100 .{times}. p) between eelgrass populations ranged from 0.00 to 0.69. Individual plants were observed to contain as many as four different rDNA-repeat length variants. The mean number of rDNA-repeat length variants per individual in Z. marina was about two. Intrapopulation variation in rDNA-repeat type was observed in only one individual from the Tomales Bay population.  }  I R   z     & f_U.S. Fish Wildlife Serv., Natl. Forensics Lab., 1490 East Main St., Ashland, Oregon 97520, Usa..'Farley, C. A. Wolf, P. H. Elston, R. A. 1988RA long-term study of "microcell" disease in oysters with a description of a new genus, Mikrocytos (G. N.), and two new species, Mikrocytos mackini (SP. N.) and Mikrocytos roughleyi (SP. N.) W a     <6U S National Marine Fisheries Service Fishery Bulletin863581-594 esfIPIInvertebrates, Microorganisms, Mollusks, Protozoans, British Columbia, Canada, Columbia, Connecticut, South Carolina, USA, Japan, Elkhorn Slough, Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea edulis, Bonamia ostreae, Ostrea lurida, Taxonomy, Zoogeography, Mortality, Electron Microscopy, Ecology, Anatomy and Histology, Parasitology, oyster, estuaryrlContinuing long-term studies of oyster disease problems have been carried out over the past 26 years using field monitoring, gross, histologic, and ultrastructural pathologic methods. A microorganism of uncertain taxonomy was discovered in 1963 by J. G. Mackin in association with lesions and mortalities of Japanese oysters, Crassostrea gigas from Denman Island, British Columbia, Canada. Mackin coined the term "microcell" for this organism and described the parasite as 1-3 .{mu}.m cells with small nuclei which occurred within vesicular connective tissue cells adjacent to characteristic abscesses. We are describing this organism as MIKROCYTOS mackini sp. n. in his honor. Similar appearing organisms were seen by the senior author in flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, from Milford, Connecticut [USA], on three different occasions: 1) in oysters transferred from Milford, Connecticut, to Chincoteague Bay, Virginia; 2) in oysters transferred from Milford to Elkhorn Slough , California; and 3) in oysters transferred from Milford to Oxford, Maryland, and held in recirculated sea water. The causative organism in these three episodes has been shown by electron microscopy to be Bonamia ostreae, the parasite that was implicated in recent mortalities in flat oysters in Europe. Similar organisms have also been seen in Olympia oysters, Ostrea lurida, from Oregon and in the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis, from Australia. Presence of the organism in the latter species is associated with the winter mortalities originally described by T. C. Roughley, and the pathogen is here described as Mikrocytos roughleyi (sp. n.) in his honor.Feinholz, Daniela M. 1998oAbundance, distribution, and behavior of the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) in a California estuary A V Aquatic Mammals242105-115 esfVMarine ecology, Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammalia, Pelecypoda, Mollusca, Enhydra lutris nereis, southern sea otter, Saxidomun nuttallii, Tresus nuttallii, Animals, Carnivores, Mammals, Mollusks, Elkhorn Slough, California, Behavior, Location, Movement direction, Sex ratio, Species abundance, species distribution, Ecology, Aquatic Wildlife Management, Animal Behavior, Nutrition, Invertebrates, estuary, marine9Trends in abundance, distribution, and daily activities of southern sea otters, Enhydra lutris nereis, in Elkhorn Slough , a California estuary, were studied. During 66 boat-based surveys, between June and October 1994 and 1995, sea otters were counted and their location, sex, direction of movement, behavior, and degree of grizzling (an indicator of age) were recorded. During 3 night-time surveys in 1995, presence/absence patterns of sea otters were determined. An influx of sea otters into the estuary occurred between November 1994 and January 1995. Mean number of otters in 1995 (mean +- Std = 24.6 +- 5.7) was six times greater than in 1994 (mean +- Std = 4.2 +- 3.1). No significant effects of tide, or time of day, on abundance patterns were detected. Otters present in the estuary were mostly juvenile males. They were distributed along the estuary with different densities, the highest densities occurring within a resting area, where otters tended to congregate in rafts. Feeding occurred with higher frequency in areas closer to the open ocean. Clams of two different species, the Washington (Saxidomun nuttallii), and the gaper (Tresus nuttallii) were the main prey. Some individuals may use the estuary on a regular basis, since one tagged otter was observed during 58% of the surveys. The estuary was also used at night. P e S f x  multiple copies (2)t  Finn, F.K. 1992B;A benthic invertebrate survey of Elkhorn Slough, California Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Fall 1992l Unpublished Student Report esfIe@:benthic invertebrates, benthic communities, Elkhorn Slough$want abstract yxwjvuXt*srzq8p`o *#Fleck, J. E. Ross, L. J. Hefner, K. 1988XREndosulfan and chlorthal-dimethyl residues in soil and sediment of Monterey County Sacramento, CA 4-California Department of Food and Agriculture247Sep 1988.'Environmental Hazards Assessment Reporti EH886tMnPest control, Mussels, Tables, Soil surveys, Sediments, Watersheds, Endosulfan, Chlorthal dimethyl, Monterey County, Pesticide residues, Environmental monitoring, Agricultural runoff, California State Mussel Watch Program, Elkhorn Slough, chemistry, pollution, pesticidesiThe California State Mussel Watch Program (SMW) has detected residues of endosulfan in Elkhorn Slough of Monterey County, California every year since 1979, and chlorthal-dimethyl every year since 1980. The offsite movement of chlorthal-dimethyl and endosulfan in particular (due to its extreme toxicity to fish and aquatic organisms), is of environmental concern because of potential impacts on the ecological reserve. In response, the Environmental Hazards Assessment Program of the California Department of Food and Agriculture conducted the study to identify agricultural drains in the Moss Landing drainage area that are potential sources of endosulfan and chlorthal-dimethyl contamination occurring in Elkhorn Slough. 6/Fleck, J. Ross, L. Tran, D. Melvin, J. Fong, B.u 1991PJOff-target movement of endosulfan from artichoke fields in Monterey County Sacramento, CA 4-California Department of Pesticide Regulation.39Jun 19916/Environmental Hazards Assessment Program Report EH915MZTPesticide drift, Environmental transport, Endosulfan, Storm runoff, Insecticides, Chlorine aliphatic compounds, Pesticide residues, California, Spraying, Water pollution effects, Environmental impact assessments, Soil surveys, Sediments, Farm crops, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Bivalves, Monterey County, California, Artichokes, Elkhorn SloughThe California Department of Pesticide Regulation (formerly the Department of Food and Agriculture) Environmental Hazards Assessment Program, monitored three artichoke fields in the Moss Landing drainage area of Monterey County to determine whether endosulfan moves off-target via spray drift and/or rain runoff. The information will be used to develop mitigation measures to reduce off site movement of endosulfan. Since 1979, endosulfan residues have consistently been detected in bivalve aquatic organisms in Elkhorn Slough, a state ecological reserve in Monterey County. In a previous study, results of soil and sediment sampling for endosulfan residues indicated that areas in the Moss Landing drainage area associated with high endosulfan use are a potential source of the residues found in Elkhorn Slough. However, there is little information on how endosulfan moves off site in these areas, whether it be via drift during application or through runoff water.  Forlano, R. 1990NHHeron/egret colony of Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Moss Landing, CA Moss Landing Marine Labs11 Unpublished Student Report esf>B>~wbirds, rookery, great blue heron, great egrets, Elkhorn Slough, terrestrial, Eucalyptus grove, ecology, natural historyThis report contains information such as: history of the colony appearance of the birds foraging nesting / location of nests breeding / timing, number of eggs and chicks Also discusses methods used to study the rookery Forlano, B.t 1990(!Elkhorn Slough Volunteer Handbookhandbook esfRElkhorn Slough Fritchman, Harold K., II 19484.The common pelecypods of the Monterey Bay area Bodega Marine Laboratory18 Unpublished Student ReportIl60Elkhorn Slough; Invertebrates; Mollusca; Bivalve$want abstract  Frost, D. 1990nhHydrological monitoring: Elkhorn Slough and adjacent hydrological systems, October 1988 - September 1989 Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine LaboratoriesTechnical ReportAA401-22Wy82hydrology, Elkhorn Slough, hydrological monitoringGaligher, A. E. 1925jcOn the occurrence of the larval stages of scyphozoa in the Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CaliforniapThe American Naturalistc59 94-96\spR>Elkhorn Slough, scyphozoa, Invertebrates, Cnidaria, jellyfish, scyphistomae, strobilae, Aurelia, Chrysaora, Pelagia, zooplanktonfound unidentifiable scyphistomae and strobilae under what is now the Highway 1 bridge region. Short 3 page article also has map of the mouth of the old slough, with the exit to the ocean to the north of current opening. See hard copy for more details.  Gamman, J.K. 197382Preliminary bibliography: Elkhorn Slough resources CA Sea Grant Program("UCSC Science Maps: HC107.C22M6643RuElkhorn SloughGamman, John K. 1974rlPlanning and analysis of coastal estuaries: With a case study of Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruzr Senior Thesisr&UCSC Science Maps: QH76.5.C2G36cMRVOEstuarine area conservation, California, Planning, Elkhorn Slough, Case studiesu Gardner, Matthew E. 1994Grazing effects of the ghost crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes (Gibbes), on the recruitment and growth of green algae, Ulva (L), in Elkhorn Slough # 9 r v  Moss Landing, CA $Moss Landing Marine Laboratory16 Unpublished Student Report esfIcommunity ecology, Elkhorn Slough, crabs, green algae, rocky intertidal, estuarine, invertebrates, grazing, caging experiment, benthic, marineUlva are common local algae that readity grow on intertidal rocks, but are conspicuously absent from rocks in Elkhorn Slough. One algal grazer, Pachygrapsus crassipes also inhabits broken rock areas of Elkhorn Slough. Using exclusion cages I tested whether P. crassipes effects growth and recruitment of Ulva. No differences were detected in mean percent cover of algae between exclusion cages, inclusion cages or control cages. However, biotic and abiotic factors within and among sites confounded results. Problems such as varying sedimentation and water flow regimes between sites as well as failure of cages to exclude small crabs indicated the need for design modifications for future work.multiple copies (2)o Gardner, M. Kvitek, R. 1998voTide flat resource restoration and management: Implementation of a novel recovery program in the Elkhorn Sloughl XRSanctuaries and Reserves Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration6y Final Report esfyMgf`Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, clams, innkeeper worms, shrimp, management, ecology, human impact The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of human predation on Tresus clams, Urechis worms, and Callianassa shrimp populations. Specific goals of the research were to: 1) determine the relationship of harvest to the depletion of infaunal populations and shellfish resources 2) restore depleted tide flats to former levels of diversity 3) quantify recovery rates of target species following tide flat protection 4) determine a proper management policy for recovery and sustainable use of tide flat resourcesmultiple copies (2)~}|{z  Garlick, W.S. 1968:4A succession study in Elkhorn Slough: March-May 1968 Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories22 Unpublished Student Report esfRsuccession, Elkhorn Slough, community ecology, invertebrates, amphipods, egg masses, algae, Mytilus, Balanus, barnacles, mussels, gastropods, pelecypods, brittle stars, intertidal, marine, subtidal, benthicThe purpose of this project is: Can the principles of terrestrial succession, basedon plant communities, be applied to fauna in an aquatic environment? Can the serial implantation of animals on a clean plaque be interpreted as a succession such as this, or does it merely show the implantation of the animal larvae present in the water at that time? A series of plaques were grown in the water from the North end of the dock in Elkhorn Slough approximately 100 yards Northeast of Moss Landing Marine Labs. A set of cups was located in the mud beneath Elkhorn Slough due East of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. Based on plagues 1: there seems to be a pattern of succession forming, but this succession seems to have the characteristics of a polyclimax as the ultimate end. Some organims seem to be dominant (i.e., algae, Balanus) after a period of time, but they seem to vary with thelevel of depth beneath the surface. Site 2 could also be best viewed as a polyclimax area. Species included gastropods, pelecypods, brittle stars, balanusGarske, Lauren E.C 2000jdAn investigation of blood volume in some Californian Chondrichthyans using Evans blue dye techniquesDepartment of Biologyr Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruzi13 B.A. Thesis esfiFiZTElkhorn Slough, fish, sharks, marine, pelagic, estuarine, physiology, elasmobranches Evans blue dye techniques were employed to estimate the plasma and blood volumes of four species of chondrichthyans: the brown smoothhound, Mustelus californicus (n=10); the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata (n=20); the salmon shark, Lamna ditropis (n=1); and the blue shark, Prionace glauca (n=1). The dye was administered intravenously (0.5-0.6 mg/kg) and blood samples were collected 10, 20, and 30 minutes after injection. Optical density of plasma samples was measured at 620 nm using a spectrometer an compared against standard curves to find the concentration of dye in the plasma. The concentration of dye in the blood at the time of injection was mathmatically extrapolated and then used to calculate plasma and blood volumes. Mean plasma volumes were estimated to be 30.82 +/- 2.45 ml/kg, 39.15 +/- 4.48 ml/kg, 43.90 ml/kg and 105.37 ml/kg for M. californicus, T. semifasciata, L. ditropis and P. glauca, respectively. Likewise, after correction with simultaneously measured hemacrit values, mean blood volumes found were 45.49 +/- 2.99 ml/kg, 54.16 +/- 5.96 ml/kg, 74.36 ml/kg and 137.78 ml/kg. These values appear to fit into both the evolutionary trend previously proposed for fishes and the notion that within a phylogenetic group, blood volume increases with activity level. While the values found for M. californicus, T. semifasciata, and L. ditropis are near the range of values previously reported for chondrichthys, that found for P. glauca is at the extreme upper end of such values and is possibly the highest yet reported.r Gates, S., Bok, S. 197760Elkhorn Slough study area: Report on agriculture *$University of California, Santa Cruz Unpublished Student ReportM*$agriculture, farming, Elkhorn SloughGerken, Sarah Anne 1995wThe population ecology of the leptostracan crustacean, Nebalia pugettensis (Clark, 1932), at Elkhorn Slough, Californiao 7 J $Department of Marine Sciencesr Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz53 M.S. Thesis*#UCSC Science Stacks: QL444.M347 G47:Inf`Invertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Nebalia, California, Elkhorn Slough, ecology, reproduction  Gilbane, L.o 2000Determining the abundance of amphipod Allorchestes angusta: a consideration of structural complexity and nutritional value among the algae of Elkhorn Slough, California&:2012/08/00undergraduate report esfISQamphipod; Allorchestes angusta; algae; Elkhorn Slough, California; invertebrates:  Gill, R., Jr 1979VStatus and distribution of the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) 8 U California Fish and Game651  36-49s esfsBrGruiformes, Animals, Birds, Breeding, Tidal Marsh, Ecology, Wildlife Management, Animal Distribution, clapper rail, reproduction, natural history, Elkhorn Slough*$The California clapper rail population and distributional data were derived from 120 censuses conducted over 5000 ha of greater San Francisco Bay [California, USA] area tidal marshes from Feb. 1971-Dec. 1975. Breeding populations were restricted to San Francisco Bay. Humboldt, Morro and Tomales bays, and perhaps Elkhorn Slough , no longer support breeding clapper rails. Within San Francisco Bay, major populations exist in San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda and Marin counties and in Napa Marsh. Breeding and nonbreeding season population densities did not differ significantly within the major population centers of the range. The clapper rail population was estimated to be 4200-6000 birds during this study. South San Francisco Bay and Napa Marsh supported 55 and 38%, respectively, of the population.multiple copies (2)oGobalet, K. W. 1990d]Prehistoric status of freshwater fishes of the Pajaro-Salinas River system of California, USAb Copeia3n680-685c Copeia esfF"Osteichthyes, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Nonhuman vertebrates, Vertebrates, Gila crassicauda, Archoplites interruptus, Hyserocarpus traski, Ptychocheilus grandis, Habitat, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Animal Distribution, Elkhorn Slough, marine, freshwater, euryhaline, archaeology Twenty-seven species of fishes are represented by the 2235 elements identified from archaeological site CA-Mnt-229 located on Elkhorn Slough in Monterey County, California. These remains predate historic environmental alteration. Of the elements identified, 73% are from freshwater species, 17% from euryhaline species and 10% from marine species. Native fishes that occupy slow-moving marshy freshwaters constitute 98% of the elements of freshwater fishes identified to species. Of these, the thicktail chub (Gila crassicauda) is extinct and the Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus) and tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski) have been extirpated from the Pajaro-Salinas River system. These results document the presence of the thicktail chub in the Pajaro-Salinas system and the native status of the Sacramento perch and Sacramento squawfish (Ptychocheilus grandis) in the Salinas River. Because the outlet of the Salinas River is now maintained to the south of Elkhorn Slough , all freshwater species have been locally extirpated. Kusher, D.I. 1987RAge and growth of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, from central California % 9 "Department of Marine Biology F@Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Francisco State University36 M.A. Thesis  esfvFifish, Elkhorn Slough, elasmobranches, leopard sharks, marine, estuary, benthic, ecology, age, growth, sexual maturity, reproductionrAge, growth and sexual maturation of Triakis semifasciata was studied. Growth zones of 129 vertebral centra produced von Bertalanffy growth curves with L=1724 mm, K=0.0717, and to=-2.302 for both sexes combined. Seasonal changes in size modes of young-of-the-year, tag-recapture and tetracycline-marked growth data, and centrum edge characteristics supported the hypothesis of annual deposition of vertebral band pairs. Sexual maturity was judged by developmental stage of reproductive structures and products (sperm/eggs). Males mature at 7 years and at 0.63 of asymptotic length, and females mature at 0.72 of asymptotic length at 10 years. Slow growth and late maturity may add to susceptibility of leopard sharks to over-exploitation..'Kusher, D.I. Smith, S.E. Cailliet, G.M. 1992bValidated age and growth of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, with comments on reproduction / C &Environmental Biology of Fishese352p187-203i esfgFn:3fish, Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, Chordates, Chondrichthyes, Exploitation Fishery, Life History, Tetracycline, Mark-Recapture, Tagging, California, age, growth, reproduction, von Bertalanffy growth curves, ecology, marine, benthic, elasmobranches, estuarine, Triakidae, population dynamics, ecology, marine0The age, growth, and sexual maturation of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, from central California [USA] were studied. Growth band counts in vertebral centra of 162 leopard sharks produced von Bertalanffy growth curves with L.infinity., K. and to parameters of 1536mm. 0.082, and -2.31, respectively, for both sexes combined. The L.infinity. value for females (1602 mm TL) was slightly but insignificantly higher than for males (1499 mm TL), but the K and to values were almost identical. Seasonal changes in size modes of young-of-the-year leopard sharks, centrum edge characteristics, and growth and tetracycline mark-recapture from the field were used to validate annual deposition of vertebral centrum band pairs. Sexual maturity was evaluated by the gonads and presence of sperm and eggs; males mature at 7 yr and at about 63% of asymptotic length, and female mature at 10 yr, and at about 72% of asymptotic length. This slow growth, late maturity, and relatively low fecundity may increase their susceptibility to over-exploitation.@:Kvitek, R. G. Fukayama, A. K. Anderson, B. S. Grimm, B. K. 1988XRSea otter foraging on deep-burrowing bivalves in a California [USA] coastal lagoonMarine Biology982i157-168b esfSVt2+Enhydra lutris Tivela stultorum, Tresus nuttallii, Saxidomus nuttali, Prey Biomass, Prey Abundance, Size Distribution, Foraging Strategy, Habitat Choice, Mustelidae, Carnivora, Mammals, Mollusca, Invertebrates, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough , California, USA, marine, estuarine, burrowing depth, sea otterSea otter, Enhydra lutris, predation had no detectable effect on abundance and size distribution of deep-burrowing bivalve prey in the Elkhorn Slough , California, USA. Up to 23 otters were present for 6 mo of the study period (March 1984 through April 1985). This is in contrast to previous studies of sea otter predation, especially on the shallow-burrowing Pismo clam Tivela stultorum, which can be found along the wave-exposed coast near the slough . The deep-burrowing clams Tresus nuttallii and Saxidomus nuttallii made up 61% of the prey taken in the slough , and are more difficult for otters to excavate than Pismo clams. The occurrence of foraging otters was highest in an area where the two bivalve prey were extremely abundant (.{approximates}. 18 individuals m-2). However, the otters did not selectively prey on the largest clams available within the study sight, but foraged preferentially in a patch of smaller individuals where bivalve burrow depth was restricted by the presence of a dense clay layer. This foraging strategy maximized the amount of prey biomass obtained per unit volume of sediment excavated. Our findings suggest that in soft-sediment habitats deep-burrowing bivalves may be more resistant to otter predation than shallower burrowers.Lf "Grosholz, E. D. Ruiz, G. M.r 1995rSpread and potential impact of the recently introduced European green crab, Carcinus maenas, in central California L [ Marine Biology 122i2r239-247nsp esfnIoClam, Potamocorbula amurensis, San Francisco Bay, California, Biological Invasions, Cerastoderma edule, Bivalves, Predation, Recruitment, invasive species, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Arthropoda, Crustacea, European green crab, Carcinus maenas, larval dispersal, human ecology, marine ecology, economic impact, species distribution, range expansion, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, marine, benthic  F @Our study examines the potential impact of the European green crab Carcinus maenas on communities of coastal embayments of western North America. We document the current distribution and range expansion of this species beyond San Francisco Bay, where C. maenas first became established along this coast in 1989-1990, and we test the effect of C. maenas predation on different species and sizes of infaunal invertebrates in field and laboratory experiments. In our samples from eight coastal locations in central California collected between June 1993 and May 1994, we found no green crabs at the two closest embayments south of San Francisco Bay and found the crabs in all four embayments sampled within 120 km north of San Francisco Bay, up to and including Bodega Harbor. C. maenas was not present in samples from sites farther north. This northward range expansion is apparently the result of larval recruitment by a single cohort, corresponding to the predominant northern transport of surface waters and the approximate distance water moves during larval green crab development. At Bodega Harbor, the current northern range limit, the C. maenas population is now well established and reproducing. Females and males became sexually mature within their first year at similar or equal to 40 mm carapace width, molting approximately monthly from summer through fall, and females were ovigerous in late fall of their first year at similar or equal to 50 mm. We expect larvae from this population to recruit locally and to the north, promoting episodic range extensions as new populations are established and reproduce. Enclosure experiments conducted during the summer of 1993 at the intertidal sandflats of Bodega Harbor showed that C. maenas significantly reduced densities of the most abundant taxa, including the bivalves Transennella confusa and T. tantilla, the cumacean Cumella vulgaris, and the amphipod Corophium sp. Furthermore, Carcinus maenas selectively removed larger (>3 mm) rather than smaller (<1 mm) Transennella spp. in both field and laboratory experiments. Based on the available data from this and other studies of green crabs, and our 10 yr study of community dynamics at Bodega Harbor, we predict C. maenas will significantly alter community structure, ecological interactions, and evolutionary processes in embayments of western North America.Hall, Melinda Anne 2000Species composition and temporal and spatial characteristics of fish assemblages surveyed at Old Salinas River and Bennet Slough, California 2+Southampton College, Long Island Universitye54 Senior Thesis esfFElkhorn Slough, fish, Old Salinas River, Bennet Slough, estuarine, shallow marsh, benthic, pelagic, ecology, spatial and temporal composition, fish assemblages, monitoring, baseline characterizationA survey of the fish assemblages of Old Salinas River and Bennet Slough, California was carried out to determine and compare the composition of these assemblages between locations and seasons. Six samples were taken between July 17th, 2000 and August 16th, 2000 using gillnets and minnow traps set at low tide and left for approximately 12 hours. Fish were identified and measurements were taken (Total Length, Standard Length, and Disc Width). A total of 364 fish from 11 species were collected. The catch at Old Salinas River was dominated by Cymatogaster aggregata (83.1%), and the catch at Bennet Slough was dominated by Leptocottus armatus (91.0%). Leptocottus armatus was the only species caught at both sites. The sites exhibited 15.85% similarity. Old Salinas River had a diversity of 0.84, evenness of 0.52, richness of 5, abundance of 193, and overall dominance of 0.56. Bennet Slough had a diversity of 0.43, evenness of 0.24, richness of 6, abundance of 171, and overall dominance of 0.82. % ; u    Hand, C. Steinberg, J. 1955aOn the occurrence of the nudibranch Alderia modesta (Loven, 1844) on the central California coast= $ 3  The Nautilis691? 22-288 esfsIinudibranchs, Alderia modestra, invertebrates, central California, Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, distribution, zoogeography, systematics, morphology, Reproduction, Physiology, Elkhorn Slough, marsh, intertidal, benthic`YAlderia modesta has long been known from the coasts of northern Europe. It has been recorded from as far north as the Trondheim Fjord in Norway, south to Skibbereen in Ireland and on the French coast. Therefore, it has been of considerable interest to us to find well-established populations of an Alderia in two localities on the central Californian coast. We have compared specimens of Alderia modesta from both Belgium and Denmark with specimens collected by us from the California localities. The results of these comparisons have shown the Alderia from California to be identical with A. modesta.t +~6X*PMFishes, taxonomy, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, ecology, distributionfishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, San Francisco Bay, Vertebrates, Chordates, elasmobranches, marine, estuarine, pelagic, catch returnsfishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, San Francisco Bay, Vertebrates, Chordates, elasmobranchs, marine, estuarine, pelagic, catch returnsYfishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, Chordates, elasmobranches, fish, marine, estuarine, size distribution, sex ratiofishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, Chordates, elasmobranchs, fish, marine, estuarine, size distribution, sex ratioPJfishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, vertebrates, elasmobranches,iYLIfishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, vertebrates, elasmobranchs,frogs Gastropodanch<6general discipline - ecology, chemistry, geology, etc.oug0*general habitat - marine, terrestrial, etced ,)general taxon - inverts, fish, birds, etc geologyZ|ygeology, paleoecology, Elkhorn Slough, Moro Cojo Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalves, Ostrea, Gastropoda, AssimineaĿGlomus intraradices, Fungicide, Fumigant, Fungal Toxicity, Nutrition, Reproductive Growth, Soil, Phosphorus Level, Elkhorn Slough, California, Agriculture, land management, terrestrial, plant grazingmp4/great blue heron, Ardea herodia, Elkhorn SloughGruiformes, Animals, Birds, Breeding, Tidal Marsh, Ecology, Wildlife Management, Animal Distribution, clapper rail, reproduction, natural history, Elkhorn SloughHamster Ovary Cells, P-Glycoprotein Gene, Multidrug Resistance, Cystic Fibrosis, Transporter, Mechanism, Binding, Identification, Purification, Antibodies, Invertebrates, Echiura, Urechis caupo, mxr, Elkhorn Slough, marine, benthic, physiology, biochem harborn Sharbor seal, California, Elkhorn Slough, Food, Behavior, Seasonal distribution, Vertebrates, Chordates, mammals, ecology, abundance, fishharbor seal, California, Elkhorn Slough, Food, Behavior, Seasonal distribution, Vertebrates, Chordates, mammals, ecology, abundance, fish, mammalsharbor seal, Phoca vitulina, Elkhorn Slough, California, Population size, Behavior, human impact, Vertebrates, Chordates, mammals, marine, intertidal, subtidal, ecology, disturbanceharbor seal, Phoca vitulina, Elkhorn Slough, California, Population size, Behavior, human impacts, Vertebrates, Chordates, mammals, marine, intertidal, subtidal, ecology, disturbanceHBHarbors, California, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County Hemigrapsus, Hopkins Marine StationnYhuman ActivityHuman Activity, Tectonics, Sea Level Change, Pleistocene, Paleoecology, Historical Record, Elkhorn Slough, geology, estuaries, Holocenel  human impactg human impactsHydrogen Sulfide, Animal Tissue, Oxidation, Blood, Invertebrates, Echiura, fat innkeeper worm, Elkhorn Slough, Coelomic Fluid, Hematin, Oxygen Consumption, Tidal Exposure, ecology, physiology, biochemistry, benthic, mudflatsBHydrogen Sulfide, Epithelia, Hindgut, Sulfide Elimination Mechanism, Low Tide, Burrow Water, Toxicity, Permeability, Invertebrates, Echiura, Urechis caupo, biochemistry, physiology, environmental toxicology, echiuroidea, Elkhorn Slough, Biochemical Syst hydroidsa hydrology82hydrology, Elkhorn Slough, hydrological monitoring HydrozoaS|wIndians of North America, California, antiquities, archaeology, Elkhorn Slough, excavations, environmental archaeology,INE, San Francisco BayElk($INE, USA, California, Elkhorn Slough82intertidal zonation, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates Invertebratah60Zimmerman, R.C. Cabello-Pasini, A. Alberte, R.S. 1994leModeling daily production of aquatic macrophytes from irradiance measurements: A comparative analysis$Marine Ecology Progress Series 114  1-2e185-196 esfPUElkhorn Slough, seagrasses, Zostera marina, angiosperms, monocots, plants, spermatophytes, vascular plants, Bioenergetics, Ecology, marine, Models and Simulations, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Metabolism, Plant Physiology, Carbon Budget, Photosynthesis, Primary Production, light requirements, submerged aquatic macrophytes, Hsate R @PIThe importance of submerged aquatic macrophytes to coastal ecosystems has generated a need for knowledge of minimum light levels that will support the maintenance and restoration of healthy populations. Our goals were (1) to evaluate the sensitivity to natural, non-sinusoidal fluctuations in irradiance I of analytical integration techniques for calculating daily carbon gain, (2) to evaluate the H-sat (the daily period of I-saturated photosynthesis) model of daily production relative to models based on instantaneous photosynthesis vs irradiance (P vs I) and (3) to provide some guidance for the temporal density of irradiance data required for accurate estimation of daily carbon gain. Monthly measures of the P vs I response of an eelgrass Zostera marina L. population were used to predict rates of daily carbon gain from continuous in situ recordings of I. Daily integrated I was not a reliable predictor of daily production. Numerical (iterative) integration of H-sat was much more reliable but required repeated measures of I within a day, as did numerical integration of P vs I. Analytical (non-iterative) models based only on observations of I-m (noon) could not predict daily production accurately. Analytical models of P vs I and H-sat agreed with each other, however, indicating that the analytical models may be useful where the daily pattern of I is sinusoidal. Given the high degree of temporal variability in coastal light environments, continuous monitoring of light availability may be required for calculation of daily production and reliable management of aquatic macrophyte populations.n  Harding, Elaine Kathleen 2000tnLandscape heterogeneity and its importance for community dynamics and conservation of a marsh-grassland system*#Department of Environmental Studies Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz 131Ph.D. Dissertation esfeMtElkhorn Slough, vertebrates, mammals, birds, raptors, voles, rodent, terrestrial, estuary, salt marsh, grassland, ecology, demography, stable isotopes, foraging, conservation, connectivity, landscape ecology While movement and habitat heterogeneity are of increasing theoretical and conservation interest, few studies have addresses the effect of seasonal inter-habitat movements for communities utilizing two adjacent habitats. I assessed the importance of such movements of Microtus californicus, a common herbivorous rodent, and its avian predators, across a salt marsh and grassland landscape in coastal California. I experimentally limited movement of voles and measured their demographic responses over a 28-month period. To assess whether predation influenced seasonal habitat use by voles, I conducted a one-year study of the foraging patterns of avian predators across the two habitats. Further, I utilized stable isotope analysis to determine if predator success changed temporally across the marsh-grassland landscape. Using a simulation modeling approach, I asked if short-term movements of voles translated into increased population growth. Seasonal habitat use by voles was evident in the control plots, with individuals preferentially inhabiting grassland during the winter and spring. As the grassland senesced during the summer and fall months, use of the marsh habitat increased. When access was limited in the experimental barrier plots, vole populations experienced reduced survival and reproduction, particularly during the fall period. As rodent populations shifted from dry grassland into salt marsh during the summer, raptors also increased their movements into this habitat, although not as strongly as predicted by vole abundance. Additionally, N isotope composition in vole bone collagen reflected their diet, allowing a classification of their habitat origins along a gradient from salt marsh to grassland. Isotope values of predated voles indicated that a higher percentage of voles were taken from grassland in the spring/summer period than expected. Thus, the marsh provided a temporal refuge from predation during the summer. The importance of inter-habitat access was supported by the modeling simulations, with long-term population growth higher in connected landscapes than in the isolated ones. This study demonstrates that marsh-grassland linkages provide increased resources for voles, translating into an increased prey base for the broader predator community that depends on this species. Thus, efforts to preserve or restore these habitat must consider policy mechanisms that conserve the natural connectivity of these communities.Harrington, Neil Erici 1999A yearlong study of nitrification potential, bacterial abundance and productivity in the sediments of Elkhorn Slough, California"Department of Marine Science Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruzs62 M.S. Thesisd esfiZtEstuarine ecology, California, Elkhorn Slough, Marine sediments, Nitrification, Biogeochemical cycles, bacterial, microbial sediments, nitrification potential, bacterial productivity, bacterial abundance, thiram :Estuarine microbial sediment communities are important habitats for heterotrophic bacteria and nitrifiers and thus are important areas for organic matter degradation and nitrogen cycling. These processes were the subject of this study, which was carried out in Elkhorn Slough which contains multiple land uses in its watershed. Surface sediments at three sites with varying levels of agriculture influence were sampled monthly between Nov 1997 and Oct 1998. In order to assess changes in populations and activities of bacteria involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling, we measured nitrification potential, bacterial productivity, bacterial abundance, concentration of thiram (a fungicide), and ancillary hydrographic and chemical data. Nitrification potential, as measured by ammonium oxidation in sediment slurries, varied significantly among sites as well as seasonally within each site. At Hidden Pond on the Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Research Reserve, nitrification potential was measured at about 0.7 micromol NO2- (g wet wt sediment d)-1 throughout the spring, but was essentially zero at all other times. Potential nitrification was low throughout the study (a maximal peak of 0.4 micromol NO2- (g wet wt sediment d)-1 at Azevedo Ranch, a constricted tidal pond, bordered by agriculture. Nitrification potential at the other site, a tidal creek, was more variable through the year and had two peaks (in early spring and in summer) of about 1.5 micromol NO2- (g wet wt sediment d)-1 , Thiram, a known nitrification inhibitor, was detected in some of the sediments but was not correlated with nitrification potential. Bacterial production varied similarly over the seasons at all sites and was maximal in the early autumn. Bacterial abundance ranged between 3.8 x 108 and 4.8 x 109 cells (g wet wt sediment d)-1 and was similar at all three sites. Bacterial productivity was positively correlated with temperature. Nitrification potential, bacterial abundance and productivity were not correlated with one another. These results imply that total heterotrophic bacterial activity and nitrification potential are controlled by different environmental variables. Clearly, seasonal variations in temperature and salinity alone are not sufficient to explain the patterns observed here, and probably more complex chemical and biological interactions are important.  @       @       @               Harris, R.L. Jr. 1994Application of NOAA's coastwatch change analysis project for wetland and upland change detection in the Elkhorn Slough watershed81Department of Geography and Environmental Studiesd  San Jose, CA San Jose State University 119 M.S. Thesis esfMElkhorn Slough, wetlands, estuaries, watershed geography, upland areas, terrestrial, habitat change, environmental studies, remote sensing, GIS, vegitationThe NOAA Coastwatch Change Analysis Project (C-CAP) guidelines for classification and change comparison of U.S. estuarine drainage areas were applied in the Elkhorn Slough watershed, California. The C-CAP classification scheme was used to interpret 1990 Landsat Thermatic Mapper (TM) image data of the watershed into 12 required C-CAP classes. The overall accuracy of the C-CAP classification was 86.84%, exceeding the 85% requirement. TM data were effective for the classification of large wetland and upland areas greater than 85.5 x 85.5 meters. Post-classification change comparison using the 1990 C-CAP data and 1972 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory in a GIS was an effective method for change detection in wetland areas. The C-CAP guidelines, with modifications for West Coast ecosystems, can guide inventory, documentation, and analysis of habitat change in Californian coastal drainage areas.e .a Fritchman, Harold K., II Frost, D.Fukayama, A. K. Fung, L.Galigher, A. E. Gamman, J.K.Gamman, John K. Gardner, M.Gardner, Matthew E. Garlick, W.S.Garske, Lauren E. Gates, S. Geist, M.Gerken, Sarah Anne Gilbane, L. Gill, R., Jr Gliessman, S. Gliessman, SRGliessman, Stephen R.Gobalet, K. W.Gobalet, Kenneth W. Goetzl , J. Goetzl, J. Golet, D.S. Gorham, L.C. Gormly, H.J. Greeson, P.E. Grimm, B. K.Grosholz, E. D. Gutoff, D.I. Hall, J.Hall, Melinda Anne Hand, C. Hansen, B.M. Hansen, J.E.Harding, Elaine KathleenHardwick, J.E.Harrington, Neil EricHarris, R.L. Jr.Hart, Mary Ann Harvey, H.T.Harvey, James T. Harvey, T. Harvey, T.E.Harvey, Thomas E. Haunert, D. Hayden, W. Hayes, S.P. Hefner, K.Heimlich-Boran, J.R.Helm, Roger C. Herald, E. S. Herald, E.S. Hickey, C.Hildebrandt, W.Hildebrant, W. Hinton, S.A. Hitchcock, M. Hogan, M.E.Hollibaugh, J. T.Holloway, C.L. Holmes, R. W. Holte, JHonigsberg, B.M. Horn, M. H.Hornberger, M.Hornberger, M. I. Hsueh, P.Hsueh, Pan-WenHulberg, L. W. Hunt, J.W. Ichikawa, G. Irving, P.W. Jacobi, M. Jagger, P. Jaques, D.L. Jarman, W.M. Jolly, J.M.Jones & Stokes Jones, D.A. Jones, T. Jones, T.L.Jones, Terry L. Jong, C. Jong, C.E. Jordan, H.B.Josselyn, M.N. Julian, D. Jurek, R.M. Kao, J.S.Kaufman, M. R.Keller, Marilyn L. Kelly, M. Kenna, M.Kenworthy, W.J. Kerr, L.A. King, A.E. King, J. King, J. A. King, J.A. King, J.M.King, John Michael Kirk, H.Kitazono, L.W. Kjelmyr, J.E.Kleinrichert, S.P. Kluson, RAKronschnabl, K.Kudenov, J. D. Kuhnz, L.Kukowski, G.E. Kusher, D.I. Kvitek, R. Kvitek, R. G. Kvitek, R.G. Lacocca, R. Ladd, J.M. Lamb, R. Landrau, E. Lane, J.L.Laurendine, W. Laurent, L. Laurent, L.L. Leccese, M. Lee, M. Lee, S. Lee, W. Leopold, B.Letterman, E.F. Levitt, J.M. Lew, T. Lim, J. Lindley, D. Lindquist, D.Lindquist, D.C. Linfield, J. Lipovsky, S.Los Huertos, M.Los Huertos, MarcLos Huertos, Marc William Lowe, P.Lowe, Patricia Beresford Lowe, T. Lowry, T.A.MacDonald, K. B.MacGinitie, G.E.Madrone AssociatesMagoon, Orville T. Malzone, C. Manera, M.Marchette, Nyven J.Marcus, Laurel Marelli, D.C. Marrack, L. Martin, B.D. Martin, J. Martin, L. K. Martin, L.K. Martin, M. Mason, J. Mayer, M. A. Mayer, M.A. McAfee, S. McCormick, S. McDonald, G.RMcDonald, G.R. Melvin, J. Menon, J. Menon, J. G. Menon, J.G. Merry, K.J. Meyer, T. Meyers, M.Middaugh, D.P.Middlebrook, S.F.Miller-Henson, Melissa Minier, C. Moffatt & Nichol Engineers Monaco, M.E.0-Monterey Coast Resource Conservation District<7Monterey County Overall Economic Development Commission Moore, Ken C. Morejohn, G.Morejohn, G. VictorMorejohn, G.V. Morgan, S. Moser, D.$ Moss Landing Marine LaboratoriesMountjoy, Daniel C. Mulcock, J. Mullins, H.T.Munson, Delane AlanMusselman, J.F. Nelsen, D.M.ies number will likely increase with further collecting. The sloughs insect collection was initiated by Frank Sala in the early 90s and then taken up again by Susie Fork beginning Fall 2001. Besides hand collecting specimens, various methods were used to capture insects. Nighttime collecting using a blacklight trap (UV and incandescent lights) has been particularly productive for moths and beetles, while sweeping and beating foliage (coyote bush, live oak, grasses, and lupine) has produced flies, wasps, true bugs, leaf hoppers, etc. Litter sifting, pitfall trapping, and searching under woody debris has produced many otherwise hidden insects (particularly beetles and antss and fly larvae). A database of insect collection of ESR has been created using Biota, a software program designed specifically for organizing and cataloging scientific collections. 10 of the 28 total orders of insects are known at ESR, and include Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), Diptera (flies), Hemiptera (the true bugs such as stink bugs, assassin bugs, etc.), Homoptera (e.g. aphids, leaf hoppers), Dermaptera (earwigs), Neuroptera (e.g. lacewings and snakeflies), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), and Psocoptera (bark lice) (Table 1). Most, including the larger wasps, moths, beetles, and flies has been keyed out to family level or lower while many of the tiny flies, beetles, and micro-moths await identification. In terms of species diversity and total numbers, three orders account for a majority of the collection: the moths (Lepidoptera) with greater than 50 species found at the slough, and the beetles (Coleoptera) and flies (Diptera) with greater than 20 species in each order. O all animals on Earth four orders, Coleoptera, Hymemoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera account for over half of the species of animals on Earth). Some notable species in the collection include an infrequently encountered beetle the glowworm. The male is characteristically beetle-lj6D*~ Hart, Mary Ann 1965fSpecial problems in ecological physiology: Respiration and natural history studies of the genus Macoma `  2+Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University Unpublished Student Report esfIInvertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Elkhorn Slough, Bennet Slough, macoma, biochemistry, physiology, natural history, benthic, marine, estuarinee@9The pelecypod genus Macoma is represented by four species in the marine estuary, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County California. The organisms of the infauna are subjected to conditions of lowered oxygen availability as the tide recedes, leaving their habitats exposed above water. The question - do Macoma secta and Macoma nasuta establish an oxygen debt? is examined. Distribution of the macomas in the north area of Elkhorn Slough, natural history and observations of Macoma secta and Macoma nasuta are examined. The field work was carried out from July 8 - Aug 14, 1965only have TOC and introduction get copy from Hopkins: QL430.7 .T35 H3; report has great pictures of area near Elkhorn Slough Yacht Club  Harvey, H.T. 1977Some ecological aspects of Elkhorn Slough and the effects of harbor expansion. Ecology, development, coastal and marine engineering, environmental impacts Moss Landing HarborvMdJCElkhorn Slough; harbor; human impacts; marine; environmental impactM  Harvey, T. 1977 Shorebird feeding behavior & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories19 Unpublished Student Report esf B`Zbirds, elkhorn Slough, feeding behavior, feeding ecology, predation, prey, benthic, marine1) Shorebird feeding behavior and invertebrate stratification were studiedin Elkhorn Slough on 11 October, 1977. 2) Feeding techniques were defined as : single peck, multiple pecks, single probe, multiple probes. 3) Core samples were taken to determine invertebrate distributionin the three microhabitats: dry mud, wet mud, mud/water interface, underwater 4) all four feeding behaviors were represented among the birdsstudied and area discussed in detail. 5) the distribution of invertebrates is examined in terms of shorebird predation and possible diets are suggested. 6) relationships between bird densities, feeding activities and available food are discussed.d Harvey, T.E. 1982VPThe ecology of three larids breeding in the Elkhorn Slough saltponds, CaliforniaDepartment of Biologyl San Francisco, CA $San Francisco State University 108o M.A. Thesis esf BiZSlarids, saltponds, Elkhorn Slough, birds, reproductive ecology, foraging strategiesBreeding strategies and food habits of Forster's terns, Caspian terns, and western gulls in the Monterey Salt Company salt ponds were investigated during the summers of 1978-1980. Breeding success and development of young were studied by monitoring each nest site and banding all young. Food habits were characterized through collection of rejected and regurgitated prey found in nesting colonies. Mean fledging rates were similar for the three species while the more quickly-nesting Forster's tern invested greater energy into egg production. Within gull broods, abundant food allowed siblings to fare similarly while secure nest sites probably limit this population. The relatively slower growth of culmens and wings in the two terns may figure in prolonged parental care within this subfamily. Caspian terns took larger individuals of a greater diversity of fishes, while Forster's terns concentrated on fewer prey species. Breeding efforts coincided with arrival of young fishes in Elkhorn Slough.y:3Harvey, James T. Helm, Roger C. Morejohn, G. Victor 1995HAFood habits of harbor seals inhabiting Elkhorn Slough, CaliforniaCalifornia Fish and Game811t 1-9 esfVEstuarine, ecology, Nutrition, Wildlife management, Phocidae, Pinnipedia, Mammals, Phoca vitulina, Pinnipeds, Haul out site, Animal Behavior, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, DietHarbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are one of the most ubiquitous marine mammals off California, yet few researchers have described their food habits in California (Bonnot 1951, Daugherty 1965, Antonelis and Fiscus 1980, Bowlby 1981, Jones 1981, Shaffer 1989, Hanson 1993). Bonnot (1951) did not cite the origin of his information, and Daugherty (1965) only recounted statements of Bonnot. Jones (1981) reported the contents of 12 harbor seals stranded along the central California coast, whereas the other studies were conducted on San Miguel Island (Antonelis and Fiscus 1980), northern California (Bowlby 1981, Shaffer 1989), or just north of San Francisco (Hanson 1993). Our results offer additional data regarding food habits of harbor seals off central California in Monterey Bay. Elkhorn Slough is a small embayment (approximately 1,000 hectares of tidal flats and salt marshes) in Monterey Bay (Fig. 1). The course of the slough extends about 4 km inland, and its axial length is approximately 10 km. A 100-m wide channel, which reaches a maximum depth of about 5 m, runs along most of the main course. Approximately 2 km from the slough mouth, the main course of the slough makes a wide "horseshoe bend"; on the inside of this bend are two mud terraces that rise sharply from the water. This area, called "seal bend", was used exclusively by harbor seals as a haul-out site for more than 60 years (A. Vierra, past resident of Moss Landing, CA, pers. comm., 1977). Seal bend was abandoned between 1984 and 1988 after a nearby dike was breached presenting harbor seals with a more isolated haul-out area in the slough. Currently harbor seals use three sites but not the area at seal bend.  Hayes, S.P. Phillips, P.T. 1985VOCalifornia State Mussel Watch Marine Water Quality Monitoring Program 1983-1984 Sacramento, CA *#State Water Resources Control Boardl 174L&Water Quality Monitoring Report No. 85-2 WQ esfIInvertebrates, Molluscs, Bivalves, biomonitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, Moss Landing Harbor, Elkhorn Slough, marine, coast, bay, estuaryThe California State Mussel Watch (SMW) program for the 1983-84 involved monitoring toxic pollutant levels in resident and transplanted California mussels at 89 stations from coastal, bay, and estuarine areas. Mussel tissue samples were analyzed for up to 60 synthetic organic compounds and up to 13 trace metals. In addition to routine statewide coastal monitoring, expanded surveys were conducted at 13 locations. Survey results indicated: 1) elevated chromium, PCP, and alpha-HCH levels in Humboldt Bay, 2) somewhat elevated cadmium, dieldrin, gamma-HCH, and endosulfan levels in south San Francisco Bay, 3) elevated dacthal, toxaphene, endosulfan I, and DDT levels in portions of the Moss Landing Harbor drainage, 4) elevated levels of lead in Monterey Harbor, 5) high chromium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, DDT, and PCB levels in the inner harbor regions of the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor comples, 6) elevated trace metal, dieldrin, DDT, and toxaphene levels in the southeastern portion of Anaheim Bay, 7) elevated copper, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, DDT, chlordane, toxaphene, PCB 1248, and PCB 1254 levels in various areas of Newport Bay, 8) elevated aluminum, cadmium, lead, zinc, chlordane, aldrin, and dieldrin levels in Mission Bay, and 9) elevated levels of PCBs and many trace metalsi north San Diego Bay, elevated silver levels in the Point Loma area, and elevated copper, lead, and zince levels at an ore transfer facility in mid-San Diego Bay. 6+nxInvertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Mollusca, Radiation and Isotope Techniques, Ecology, Biochemical Studies, Digestive System, Algae, Animals, Invertebrates, Microorganisms, Mollusks, Elkhorn Slough InvertebratesInvertebrates, Annelida, Polychaeta, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Elkhorn Slough, larvae, zooplankton, benthic, estuary, succession, life-history, ecology, population dynamics, subtidal, sandy beachInvertebrates, Annelida, Polychaeta, larvae, zooplankton, recruitment, hydrography, benthic, larvae, biological settlement, Polychaeta, California, Monterey Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Brackish, ecology, hydrologyInvertebrates, Annelida, Polychaeta, larvae, zooplankton, recruitment, hydrography, benthos, larvae, biological settlement, Polychaeta, California, Monterey Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Brackish, ecologyInvertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Copepoda, plankton, Elkhorn Slough, California, seasonal distribution, upper slough, lower slough comparison, Temperature, fecundity, mortality, growth rate, ecologyd`Invertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Nebalia, California, Elkhorn Slough, ecology, reproductionInvertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, shore crabs, vertical distribution, mudflats, desiccation, water, sediment, habitat requirements, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuarine, benthic, ecologyInvertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustaceans, marine, estuary, Elkhorn Slough, benthic, burrowing, sediment type, distribution, human impacts, restoration, ecologyInvertebrates, Arthropods, Crustaceans, crabs, Plants, seagrasses, Elkhorn Slough, estuary, benthic, ecology, foraging, restoration, habitatinvertebrates, birds, fish, predator-prey relationships, Elkhorn Slough, vertebrates, mudflats, estuarine, benthic, ecology, foraging, caging effects, experimental manipulations,40invertebrates, community ecology, Elkhorn SloughInvertebrates, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, Mollusca, Radiation and Isotope Techniques, Ecology, Biochemical Studies, Digestive System, Algae, Animals, Invertebrates, Microorganisms, Mollusks, Elkhorn SloughhbInvertebrates, Echiura, fat innkeeper worm, Elkhorn Slough, cell biology, biochemistry, immunologyInvertebrates, Echiura, fat innkeeper worm, pollution, sulfide, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, marine, estuary, benthic, mudflats, biochemistry, physiologyInvertebrates, Echiura, Urechis caupo, fat innkeeper worm, ecology, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, benthic, distribution, sediment compositionInvertebrates, Echiura, Urechis caupo, mxr, Elkhorn Slough, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Animal, Toxicology, Pollution, Physiology, Biochemistry invertebrates, Elkhorn SloughInvertebrates, fish, Tomales Bay, San Francisco Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Morro Bay, Washington, Oregon, northern California, southern California, baseline characterization, elasmobranches, crabs, bivalves, shrimp, ecology, estuarine, managementInvertebrates, fish, Tomales Bay, San Francisco Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Morro Bay, Washington, Oregon, northern California, southern California, baseline characterization, elasmobranchs, crabs, bivalves, shrimp, ecology, estuarine, managementInvertebrates, gastropods, snails, invasive species, Elkhorn Slough, mudflats, marine, estuary, benthic, ecology, caging, population dynamicsInvertebrates, Infauna, Vertebrates, Aves, Birds, Elkhorn Slough, shorebirds, estuary, mudflats, benthic, ecology, foraging behaviorinvertebrates, macrofauna, mudflats, benthic communities, Elkhorn Slough, subtidal, intertidal, algae, estuarine, marine, ecology, distribution, abundance, natural historyInvertebrates, Marine biology, Dredged materials, Moss Landing Harbor, Elkhorn Slough, Environmental management, Disturbance, California, Sediments, Disturbances, Aquatic animals, Benthos, Ecosystems, Recovery, Invertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, And$ Heimlich-Boran, J.R. 1988D>Marine resources and human activities in the Monterey Bay area @:Marine Habitat Program, Center for Environmental Education 123 Report esf MDpiElkhorn Slough, review, evaluation, sanctuary, impacts, Monterey Bay, living resources, human activitiesThis report shows that Monterey Bay represents a unique environment, substantially different from existing California Marine Sanctuaries in the Channel Islands and the Gulf of the Farallones, and contains significant resources and critical habitats which would greatly benefit from sanctuary designation. The overall diversity of habitats within such a restricted area makes the area highly suitable to sanctuary designation. Although Monterey Bay has existing programs protecting some areas, there are significant areas which are not protected at all ( the submarine canyon, nearshore benthic and pelagic habitats, and the entire rocky intertidal region of the Santa Cruz County coast). The extensive human use activities show that this area is already utilized as a critical commercial and recreational resource. Sanctuary designation could help ensure the protection of multiple uses as specified in the site identification criteria. The Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary could help coordinate existing efforts while standardizing the protection of the region as a whole. Economic and management concerns could be enhanced by coordinating efforts for enforcement, research, and interpretive goals with existing programs.e$Herald, E. S. Dempster, R. P.d 195282The 1951 shark derby at Elkhorn Slough, CaliforniaCalifornia Fish and Game38133-134i esftFkPJfishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, vertebrates, elasmobranches,This note summarizes the catch at the 1951 shark derby in Elkhorn Slough. 61 specimens representing three species of sharks and rays where judged: leopard shark, shovelnose guitarfish, and bat ray. Herald, E.S. 1953d^The 1952 shark derbies at Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, and at Coyote Point, San Francisco BayCalifornia Fish and Game39237-243t esfsFyfishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, San Francisco Bay, Vertebrates, Chordates, elasmobranches, marine, estuarine, pelagic, catch returns82This note summarizes the sharks and rays caught at the Elkhorn Slough and Coyote Point shark derbies. The species caught in Elkhorn Slough included: leopard shark, shovelnose guitarfish, gray smoothhound, bat ray, thornback, and round stingray. Includes catch data for the months of May, June, and July. Herald, E. S. 1960`ZCatch records for seventeen shark derbies held at Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CaliforniaCalifornia Fish and Game46 59-67} esftFafishing, sharks, shark derby, Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, Chordates, elasmobranches, fish, marine, estuarine, size distribution, sex ratioeData are presented on the 2,273 elasmobranch fishes caught at the 17 shark derbies held at Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California (1951-1959). In order of abundance there were 1,071 bat rays, 636 shovelnose guitarfish, 546 leopard sharks, 10 round stingrays, 5 gray smoothhound, 3 brown smoothhound, and 2 thornbacks. Elkhorn Slough was indicated as the northernmost extent of range for the round stingray, gray smoothhound and thornback. A new record weight of 209 pounds was recognized for the bat ray. Females of this species weighted 50 pounds before achieving sexual maturity, whereas the males rarely weighed more than 27 pounds, and are probably matured at 10 lbs. The shovelnose guitarfish had an atypical sex ratio with almost two females for every male. The largest male weighed 19 lbs and the largest female 29. Male leopard sharks usually did not weigh more than 21 lbs and the maximum for females was 35. (!Hildebrant, W. Jones, T. Hall, J. 1983D=Archaelogical research of Mnt-229, Elkhorn Slough, California Rohnert Park, CA 82Cultural Resources Center, Sonoma State University ReportH>.'archaeology; Elkhorn Slough; CaliforniaHogan, M.E. Ward, B.B. 1998b[Response of a marine sediment microbial community exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acidnMicrobial Ecology351 72-82h esf C, BxrElkhorn Slough, 2,4 D, microbial mats, bacteria, abundance, productivity, xenobiotic, organic contaminant, Marine Ecology, Microbiology, Pesticides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, herbicide, Metabolic Pathways, Chemical Transformation, Marine Sediment Microbial Community, Acclimation, Microbial Mat Community, Selective Pressure, benthic, toxicology, Elkhorn SloughAcclimation of a marine sediment microbial community to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was examined by comparing its ability to metabolize 2,4-D before and after exposure to the herbicide. The experimental treatments (control: 2-week exposure, seawater only; test: 2-week exposure, seawater plus 100 ppm 2,4-D) took place under simulated in situ conditions, in an incubation chamber, which maintained the physical and chemical gradient structure of the sediment community. The surface of the sediment was exposed to recirculating seawater on a tidal cycle. 2,4-D (100 ppm) was added to the seawater so that its availability to the sediment microbes mimicked the natural situation. Before and after treatment, bacterial abundance, productivity, and transformation of 2,4-D were determined. After 2 weeks, bacterial populations were similar in the 2,4-D treatment and the initial sediment sample, but higher in the seawater-only treatment. Bacterial productivity was higher in both 2-week treatments, compared to productivity measured before treatment, but rates were the same in 2,4-D and seawater treatments. In contrast, 2,4-D transformation rates increased 28% in the 2-week 100-ppm 2,4-D treatment, compared to the average of the seawater control and the initial sample. This increased transformation rate indicates that the sediment community acclimated to the selective pressure of 2,4-D treatment by increasing its ability to utilize this compound as a substrate.Hollibaugh, J. T. 1988hLimitation of the [3H]thymidine method for estimating bacterial productivity due to thymidine metabolism    $Marine Ecology Progress Series43 1-2 19-30 esfZbacterioplankton; productivity; thymidine; radioactive labelling; biological production; microorganisms; bacteria; metabolism; measurement; INE, USA, California, Elkhorn Slough; INE, San Francisco Bay; physiology, biochemistryXQThymidine (TdR) was extensively metabolized by bacterioplankton from South San Francisco Bay and Elkhorn Slough, California, USA. Total super(3)H incorporation rate was linear for 2 to 4 h, but macromolecular super(3)H distributions differed depending on whether TdR was supplied as methyl- or 6-( super(3)H)-TdR. Methyl-( super(3)H) was incorporated at rates greater than or equal to 6-( super(3)H). Methyl-( super(3)H) incorporation by South San Francisco Bay bacterioplankton was: 0 to 35% into DNA, 34 to 67% into RNA and 20 to 59% into protein. In the same samples, 6-( super(3)H) incorporation was: 33 to 58% into DNA, 17 to 52% into RNA and 13 to 34% into protein. Tritiated water was produced from both substrates. At high TdR concentrations, methyl-( super(3)H) incorporation into DNA was blocked while incorporation into protein continued. l8 Holloway, C.L. 1994Density, dispersion and habitat utilization of Callianassa californiensis Dana in a recently established population in a restored marsh in Elkhorn Slough  / I  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories26 Unpublished Student Report esfiInInvertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustaceans, marine, estuary, Elkhorn Slough, benthic, burrowing, sediment type, distribution, human impacts, restoration, ecology}Newly restored marshes may be the answer to finding controls for marsh studies dealing with marine popultions that have been impacted by environmental or human disturbances. Initial studies, using an indicator spcies, should be conducted to establish that colonization of the marsh area has begun. The following qustions were addressed regarding a recently established population of C. californiensis: 1) What is the density? 2) What is their dispersion? and 3) What is the soil composition of the microhabitat they are found in? The data suggests that while C. californiensis is settling in only certain areas of the study area, it is not because soil composition differs.multiple copies (2) $Honigsberg, B.M., Jordan, H.B. 1948XRSome observations on the ecology of animals in a restricted belt in Elkhorn Slough  Berkeley, CA University of California Unpublished Student Report esf<R<Notomastus tenuis, Macoma nasuta, phoronopsis viridis, pachygrapsus crassipes, Callianassa, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Urechis caupo, Schizothaerus nuttalli, ecology, distribution, abundance, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, benthic, marine, estuary, natural history, survey:4A narrow belt of mud to the east from the highway bridge at Elkhorn Slough was investigated. The general area studied faces the new mouth of the slough and is never exposed to a strong surf. The belt extended for about 100 yards from a strip of Salicornia ambigua above a 3.5 feet hightide level across less and then more sandy mud down to almost pure wet sand exposed at -1.5 tide levels. From the 30 stations (about 3 x 4 x 2 feet deep), 38 different species of nemerteans, polychaetes, echiuroids, decapods, pelecypoids, copepods, and phoronids were recovered.Horn, M. H. Allen, L. G. 1976b\Numbers of species and faunal resemblances of marine fishes in California bays and estuaries>7Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 752>159-170a esf8F}fish, Elkhorn Slough, estuaries, bays, geography, comparisons, marine, ecology, habitat function, environmental variability,Fish species numbers and surface area of 13 California bays and estuaries and the California continental shelf were positively correlated, and the slope of the log-log regression was 0.21. Mouth width of bays was the only significant variable accounting for variation of species numbers in stepwise multiple regression. Clustering based on presence or absence of fish species produced a southern and a northern group of bays. A two-way table (bay vs.species) distinguished three broad distributional categories of fish species. Comparisons of area and species numbers of Chesapeake Bay and King Harbor (southern California) with those of California bays and estuaries supported the view that the present study has relevance for the preservation and management of bay/estuarine systems.Hornberger, M. I. 1991ztPaleoenvironment of Elkhorn Slough and surrounding wetland habitats: A geological study using an ecological approach  San Jose, CA D>Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and San Jose State University M.S. Thesis esfGygeology, paleoecology, Elkhorn Slough, Moro Cojo Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalves, Ostrea, Gastropoda, AssimineaElkhorn Slough is a tidallyinfluenced coastal enbayment located in Monterey Bay. Shell fragments, microfossils and organic debris collected from deep sediment cores were used to describe environmental changes during the last 10 thousand years (kya). These data indicate that Elkhorn Slough was formedabout 10 kya when rising sea level invaded the Elkhorn River Channel. From 6 kya to present, sedimentation rates exceeded sea level rise and salt marshes colonized mudflats. The native oyster, Ostrea lurida, dominated benthic communities in Elkhorn Slough from 10-4 kya. Clam communities were common at the mouth from 7 kya to present. The gastropod Assiminea occurred throughout the slough at 3.5 kya. Salt water did not regularly invade the northeastern region of Elkhorn Slough, allowing freshwater communities to develop 4 kya to present. Salt water periodically influenced the eastern region of Moro Cojo Slough creating brackish water conditions from 5-1 kya. Neither the temporal occurences or rate of occurance of communities displayed a particular pattern associated with ecological succession, suggesting that the colonization of the shoreline by rising sea created a variable pattern of community distribution.n:4only have TOC and abstract, See final report to NOAA Hornberger, M. I. 1991ztPaleoenvironment of Elkhorn Slough and surrounding wetland habitats: A geological study using an ecological approach <5Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, NOAA043 Final Report esfGygeology, paleoecology, Elkhorn Slough, Moro Cojo Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalves, Ostrea, Gastropoda, AssimineaElkhorn Slough is a tidallyinfluenced coastal enbayment located in Monterey Bay. Shell fragments, microfossils and organic debris collected from deep sediment cores were used to describe environmental changes during the last 10 thousand years (kya). These data indicate that Elkhorn Slough was formedabout 10 kya when rising sea level invaded the Elkhorn River Channel. From 6 kya to present, sedimentation rates exceeded sea level rise and salt marshes colonized mudflats. The native oyster, Ostrea lurida, dominated benthic communities in Elkhorn Slough from 10-4 kya. Clam communities were common at the mouth from 7 kya to present. The gastropod Assiminea occurred throughout the slough at 3.5 kya. Salt water did not regularly invade the northeastern region of Elkhorn Slough, allowing freshwater communities to develop 4 kya to present. Salt water periodically influenced the eastern region of Moro Cojo Slough creating brackish water conditions from 5-1 kya. Neither the temporal occurences or rate of occurance of communities displayed a particular pattern associated with ecological succession, suggesting that the colonization of the shoreline by rising sea created a variable pattern of community distribution.uMultiple copies (2) ,<  Hsueh, P. 1988Seasonal occurrence and abundance of brachyuran larvae in Elkhorn Slough and nearshore waters of Monterey Bay, California, September 1985-October 1986 School of Natural Sciences  Fresno, CA NGMoss Landing Marine Laboratories and California State University Fresno M.A. Thesissp esfI81brachyurans, larvae, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Invertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, crabs, zooplankton; Pinnixa; Hemigrapsus; Cancer; Lophopanopeus; Kirby Park; upper slough, lower slough comparison; seasonal distribution, planktonic, marine, estuarine, ecology, distribution, abundance, seasonalitynOblique plankton tows were taken biweekly at four slough and one offshore station over 14 months to sample brachyuran crab larvae. In total, 12 taxa of brachyuran crab larvae were identified, representing five families. Larvae of Pinnixa franciscana, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer gracilis, and P. weymouthi were the most abundant. Among the 12 species, Pinnixa franciscana, P. weymouthi, Cancer gracilis, C. productus, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, and Lophopanopeus bellus bellus were recorded at the study site for the first time. In general, brachyuran crab larvae were most abundant in early spring and late winter, but larvae of Pachygrapsus crassipes had a peak abundance in summer and early fall. Larvae of P. franciscana and P. weymouthi tended to stay within the slough. The numerous first-stage larvae of P. franciscana, H. oregonensis, and P. crassipes collected in upper slough stations (Red House and Kirby Park) indicate that adults used Elkhorn Slough as a spawning ground.a:4have final abstract, and copy of 3rd draft of thesisHsueh, Pan-Wen 1991jcSeasonal occurrence and abundance of brachyuran larvae in a coastal embayment of central Californiat$Journal of Crustacean Biologyf114l546-552sp esf0I1Elkhorn Slough, Pinnixa franciscana, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer gracilis, Pinnixa weymouthi, Pachygrapsus crassipes, Crustaceans, Invertebrates, Spawning Ground, Larvae, Larval Ecology, distribution, planktonic, crabs, marine:4Little information is available on the larval ecology of brachyuran crabs on the western coat of North America. Horizontal plankton tows were conducted biweekly over a 14-month period at 4 stations in Elkhorn Slough , California, and at 1 station 1 km offshore and adjacent to the slough . The brachyuran larvae of 5 families represented by 12 taxa were identified to the lowest possible taxon. Larvae of Pinnixa franciscana, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer gracilis, Pinnixa weymouthi, and Pachygrapsus crassipes occurred most frequently. Larvae were most abundant at all sites in early spring and late winter. One exception was the larvae of P. crassipes which had a peak abundance in late summer and early fall. Larvae of P. franciscana and P. weymouthi generally remained within Elkhorn Slough , whereas larvae of H. oregonensis and P. crassipes appeared to be transported offshore. The numerous first stage zoeae of P. franciscana, H. oregonensis, and P. crassipes collected in the upper Elkhorn Slough suggesting that adult females use this habitat as a spawning ground."Hulberg, L. W. Oliver, J. S. 1980~Caging manipulations in marine soft-bottom communities: Importance of animal interactions or sedimentary habitat modifications82Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences3771 1130-1139f esflRp2,Polychaeta , Animals, Annelids, Fish, Invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough, California, Erosion, Competition, Mobility, Predation, caging manipulations, estuarine, benthic, habitat modification, sediment, sand flats, marine soft -bottom communities, ecology, caging effects, ecology, experimental maniputionCaging manipulations were performed in two marine soft-bottom communities to test two nonexclusive hypotheses: 1) polychaete abundance changes in cages are caused by the presence or absence of particular predators and competitors; 2) polychaete changes in cages are caused by animals responding to cage-induced habitat modifications, especially sediment deposition and erosion. The significant changes in the polychaete community beneath a variety of cages installed on a highly wave-exposed sand bottom could not be explained by the presence or absence of predatory demersal fish. This was obtained despite the exclusion of fish which normally consume large numbers of infaunal polychaetes. A caging experiment similar to Woodin's (1974) was performed in the channel of Elkhorn Slough using comparable cages and similar exposure period. In Woodin's experiments, the exclusion of a sedentary tube builder was accompanied by an increase in a mobile deposit feeder. This was interpreted as a competitive release. In this experiment, no sedentary species inhabited the channel and none were excluded; this same mobile species increased inside the cages. Although the importance of potential predators and competitors was not documented in the caging experiments, all of the sand-flat and slough caging results are consistent with the hypothesis that animals respond to sedimentary habitat modifications created by cages. This hypothesis not considered in most caging experiments in marine soft-bottom communities. hbHunt, J.W. Anderson, B.S. Phillips, B.M. Piekarski, W.J. Englund, M. Tjeerdema, R.S. deVlaming, V. 1997`ZAquatic toxicity in the Pajaro River watershed: Tributary sources and chemicals of concern \VUniversity of California Santa Cruz and California State Water Resources Control Board50 August 1997 Draft Report esfCmysid, Neomysis mercedis, toxaphene, ddt, diazinon, pH, TIEs, contaminants, pesticides, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, estuary, aquatic toxicology, pollution;The Pajaro River estuarine system receives runoff from upstream urban, industrial, residential, and agricultural areas. Seven sites in the estuary, upstream river, tributary sloughs and agricultural drainage ditches were sampled eighteen times over an eighteen-month period, and water samples were test for toxicity to the mysid Neomysis mercedis, a resident crustacean. Sampling sites were chosen to identify tributaries that might contribute toxic runoff to the estuary. Results indicated toxicity in 78% of agriculatural ditch samples, 14% of tributary slough samples, and 19% of river and estuary samples. Limited chemical analyses identified three chemicals (toxaphene, DDT, and diazinon) for which pesticide concentrations were higher than toxicity thresholds. Toxicity in the estuary was significantly correlated with increased river flow. Temporal patterns indicated that agricultural ditches and the upper river may be more important sources of toxic runoff to the estuary than were the freshwater sloughs. Adjustment of sample pH removed toxicity in all four Phase I TIEs conducted on agricultural ditch samples. Carbon solid-phase extraction partially removed toxicity in only one sample, and TIE results indicated that multiple contaminants were probably responsible for sample toxicity.u 5N_ `pkbrachyurans, larvae, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Invertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, crabs, zooplankton bridgeimpBuffer zones, Ecosystem management, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Agriculture, Environmental quality, Water quality management, plant, sediment, erosion, hydrology, economics, resource management, groundwater, pollution, cost benefit analysis6 Californiaoug("California terns, predation, birdsCalifornia, Elkhorn Slough, coastal zone management, Monterey County, erosion control, watersheds, wetlands, Marine, Brackish, land use, land management, conservation, land disturbance index, topography, sedimentationCalifornia, geology Callianassaug CancerapspkCasian tern, Forster's tern, size selective predation, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, ecology, foraging ecology cattlegmpCharadrius alexandrinus, Charadriiformes, birds, climatology, Ecology, Estuarine Ecology, Physiology, Behavior, Genetics, Reproductive System, California, USA, movement, Breeding Site Fidelity, Female Mate Choice, Gender Differences, Habitat Use, Monter chemistryChondrichthyes, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Triakis semifasciata, Myliobatis californica, Mustelus californicus, Urolophus halleri, Rhinobatos productus, Mustelus henli, Platyrhinoidis triseriata, Abundance, Conservation, Resource Management, Ecology, WilChondrichthyes, Arthropods, Chordates, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Urechis caupo, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Crab, Clam, Importance, Ranking, Size, Variation, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, Elasmobranch, marine, estuary, benthic, prey, dietChondrichthyes, Arthropods, Chordates, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Urechis caupo, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Crab, Clam, Importance, Ranking, Size, Variation, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, Elasmobranches, marine, estuary, benthic, prey, diet6Chondrichthyes, Arthropods, Chordates, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Urechis caupo, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Crab, Clam, Importance, Ranking, Size, Variation, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, Elasmobranchs, marine, estuary, benthic, prey, dietChondrichthyes, Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Vertebrates, Commercial Species, Embryo, Spermatozoa, Ovum, Sexual Maturity, Gestation, Annual Cycle, Sex Difference, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Wildlife Management, ChordatesplChordates, birds, rookery, behavior, abundance, distribution, foraging, ecology, estuary, terrestrial, marshClam, Potamocorbula amurensis, San Francisco Bay, California, Biological Invasions, Cerastoderma edule, Bivalves, Predation, Recruitment, invasive species, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Arthropoda, Crustacea, European green crab, Carcinus maenas, lclamsXUclams, Elkhorn Slough, benthic invertebrates, benthic communities, bivalvia, Molluscaclams, Elkhorn Slough, benthic invertebrates, benthic communities, bivalvia, Mollusca, distribution, abundance, harvesting pressure, estuarine, ecology CnidariaSCoast changes, California, San Francisco Bay Area, Coastal ecology, Elkhorn Slough, Maps Digital Raster Vector, Geographic information systems dataHHHH$HHrH `<6;s. 0;! H! HThe Insects of Elkhorn Slough Reserve While many associate Elkhorn Slough Reserve with its diverse assemblage of marine invertebrates (more than 500 species are known from the slough), what may not be as well known is that there is also a diverse group of land-based invertebrates, specifically insects. Recent additions to the Reserves insect collection bring the tally to over 200 species. The collection thus far probably represents only a fraction of the total insect diversity of the slough and the species number will likely increase with further collecting. The sloughs insect collection was initiated by Frank Sala in the early 90s and then taken up again by Susie Fork beginning Fall 2001. Besides hand collecting specimens, various methods were used to capture insects. Nighttime collecting using a blacklight trap (UV and incandescent lights) has been particularly productive for moths and beetles, while sweeping and beating foliage (coyote bush, live oak, grasses, and lupine) has produced flies, wasps, true bugs, leaf hoppers, etc. Litter sifting, pitfall trapping, and searching under woody debris has produced many otherwise hidden insects (particularly beetles and antss and fly larvae). A database of insect collection of ESR has been created using Biota, a software program designed specifically for organizing and cataloging scientific collections. 10 of the 28 total orders of insects are known at ESR, and include Coleoptera (beetles), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), Diptera (flies), Hemiptera (the true bugs such as stink bugs, assassin bugs, etc.), Homoptera (e.g. aphids, leaf hoppers), Dermaptera (earwigs), Neuroptera (e.g. lacewings and snakeflies), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), and Psocoptera (bark lice) (Table 1). Most, including the larger wasps, moths, beetles, and flies has been keyed out to family level or lower while many of the tiny flies, beetles, and micro-moths await identification. In terms of species diversity and total numbers, three orders account for a majority of the collection: the moths (Lepidoptera) with greater than 50 species found at the slough, and the beetles (Coleoptera) and flies (Diptera) with greater than 20 species in each order. O all animals on Earth four orders, Coleoptera, Hymemoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera account for over half of the species of animals on Earth). Some notable species in the collection include an infrequently encountered beetle the glowworm. The male is characteristically beetle-like, while the much larger female (over 2) resembles a flattened millipede and glows greenish yellow, reminiscent of a train illuminated at night. The slough is also home to several striking moths, including the large Ceanothus Silk Moth and the hummingbird-like day flying Sphinx Moth, along with a variety of colorful butterflies (e.g. blues, skippers, checkerspots). One of the few insects that inhabit marine waters, waterboatman can be seen in the upper reaches of the slough. Several insect studies ar^Z82Irving, P.W. Breda, V.A. Becker, R. Saunders, R.M. 1988BAnatomy and composition of Zostera marina L.: A potential new crop  ) $Ecology of Food and Nutrition 20263-274m esf,Pnplants, eelgrass, anatomy, seed structure, new crops, food composition, indigenous foods, morphology, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, benthic"Chemical composition of Zostera marina L. seed and shoots was determined. Morphology and histrochemistry of mature seeds were studied by fluorescence, brightfield and scanning electron microscopy to locate storage constituents in the seed. Starch content in the mature seed was 51% and was the major storage reserve in the embryo and a minor component in the testa. Starch in the shoots ranged from 0.3 to 2.3%. Protein, located in the embryo as small protein bodies, comprised about 9.0% of the seed. Protein in shoots ranged from 6-15%. Protein quality of both seeds and shoots resembled corn in composition, and the first limiting amino acid was lysine. Shoots were high in minerals, fiber and ash while seeds were lower in these constituents. Fat was low (0.3-1.7%) in both shoots and seeds.,multiple copies (2)  Jagger, P. 1981`YThe impact of agricultural return flows on surface water quality in the Monterey Bay areaC LECalifornia Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Coast Region  1270LEReport prepared for the Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments esfMXRElkhorn Slough, water quality, aquatic toxicology, pollution, agricultural run-off0*This report is a review of the impacts of agricultural return flows on surface water quality in the Monterey Bay area. This report examines pollutants such as pesticides, fungicides,herbicides, and fertilizers. After a general review of potential sources of pollution from agricultural run-off, the focus is narrowed to the AMBAG area. Potential impacts of agricultural run-off in any ara are divided into four water quality groups: nutrients, salinity, toxics, and physical parameters. The preliminary survey concludes nutrient and toxic impacts (including biocides and ammonia) are the two potential impacts most likely to occur in the six AMBAG surface waters. These six surface waters areas are: Pajaro River, Watsonville Slough, Lower Salinas River, Elkhorn Slough, Moro Cojo Slough, Tembladero Slough. "Jaques, D.L. Anderson, D.W. 1988|Brown pelican use of the Moss Landing Wildlife Management area: Roosting behavior, habitat use, and interactions with humans JDCalifornia Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Division58,&Nongame Bird and Mammal Section Report esfB|ubirds, brown pelicans, Elkhorn Slough, salt ponds, intertidal, ecology, human disturbance, conservation, human impacte:3The deteriorating salt evaporation ponds at the Moss Landing Wildlife Management Area served as a communal roost site for thousands of Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus) during this study - July through December 1987. The peak high count was obtained in late July when a minimum of 4355 pelicans were present during a morning census. Roosting populations declined greatly soon after this and were relatively low through the expected peak in fall. The habitat of the study site was unusual relative to other night roosts used by pelicans on the U.S. Pacific coast. The roosting patterns and the management problems we observed were also unique and complex. Brown Pelican seasonal and diurnal patterns of occupation, within-roost habitat use, and frequency of distrubance of the salt ponds suggest that the quality of the roost has decreased since 1982 and will continue to do so unless active management to enhance the security of the site takes place. The salt ponds roost should be designated and treated as critical nonbreeding habitat for Brown Pelicans.n Jolly, J.M. 1997OForaging ecology of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, in a soft-sediment community2 # 1 $Department of Marine Sciencesr Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz61 M.S. Thesissp esfVElkhorn Slough, sea otters, bivalves, invertebrates, mammals, benthic, marine, ecology, predation, optimal foraging, prey selection, predator impactsvoSea otters in Elkhorn Slough preyed primarily on deep-burrowing infaunal clams. The diet was supplemented with Cancer crabs, fat innkeeper worms, and shallow-burrowing bivalves. The prey species for which otters showed the strongest preference were those which provided the greatest energetic benefit for the least time spent foraging, and the otters selcted those species out of proportion to their abundance in the environment. Sea otters also showed a strong preference for large prey items, and selected prey of a larger average size than were available in the habitat. Prey profitability depended more on prey size than on species. Thus otters optimized their diet by selecting the most profitable species and sizes of prey available. This study is the first to demonstrate that sea otter prey choice was closely related to prey profitability but unrelated to prey abundance in the environment. The selection of large prey items be sea otters resulted in significant reductions in Elkhorn Slough bivalve size and biomass between 1986 and 1996, but no reduction in bivalve density. As a result of the depletion of high-quality prey and subsequent changes in diet, the energy intake of the average sea otter foraging in Elkhorn Slough declined dramatically over the duration of the study. Two years after the 1995 sea otter recolonization event, Elkhorn Slough was still a heavily-exploited male foraging area. Considering the severe depletion of high quality prey resources and the subsequent reduction in habitat profitability which was measured in this study, long-term sustainability of the Elkhorn Slough otter population is questionable.n Jones, T.\ 197881Aboriginal activity at Elkhorn Slough, California:4Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz 158 Senior Thesis esfHElkhorn Slough, humans, invertebrates, anthropology, paleoanthropology, aboriginal groups, terrestrial, populations size, paleoenvironment, pollen, shellfish, archaeologyAboriginal groups inhabiting the central Monterey Bay area had to adapt their subsistance strategies in response to major hydrographic changes that have occurred within the last 10,000 years. Shellfish resources, which were depended upon particularly in the latter stages of aboriginal occupation, are most abundant in a sheltered, saltwater environment such as that which exists in Elkhorn Slough today. Population growth and expansion occurred in response to changes that occurred in this environment. Evidence for these environmental shifts can be found in the archaeological sites that exist in this region. Differential shellfish remains in such sites probably reflect different environmental conditions. Variations in the pollen rain, through time in the Slough area, also reflect these changes. By combining these two types of information some theories have been developed about the relations of man to his environment in this area.  Jones, T., 1978F?A palynological study undertaken at Elkhorn Slough, California. & Moss Landing Marine LaboratoriesUnpublished ReportGr6/palynology; Elkhorn Slough; California, geologyJones, T.L. Jones, D.A.  1992HBElkhorn Slough revisited: Reassessing the chronology of CA-MNT-22982Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology142s159-179lRElkhorn Slough44 Jong, C.E. 1980~Polychaete larval availability in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California: The influence of water mass isolation on dispersalAmerican Zoologist204 753/ esfIzooplankton, Elkhorn Slough, California, Annelida, Invertebrates, Animals, Annelids, Invertebrates, Streblospio benedicti, Polydora ligni, Armandia brevis, Capitella spp, Physical, Chemical Properties ,Tidal Prism, Marine Environment, Ecology, larvae, pelagic, larval ecology>7Recently metamophosed marine polychaete larvae were collected biweekly in subtidal jars along a tidal embayment in central California for one year. Concurrent benthic sampling documented the distribution of adults. Benthic populations of the spionids Streblospio benedicti and Polydora ligni were most abundant in the upper slough and their settling larvae were rarely collected elsewhere, suggesting the occurrence of larval retention within the slough. Adults of the opheliid Armandia brevis and capitellid Capitella spp. were most common in the lower slough and their larvae were abundant there and in nearshore waters, where they were flushed out by tidal action. A tidal prism separated two chemically and physically distinct water masses for most of the year, which undoubtedly affected the observed larval dispersal.~xmultiple copies (3) an abstract from the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, American Microscopical Society, American Society of Limnology [and] Oceanography, Animal Behavior Society, Canadian Society of Zoologists, Ecological Society of America, Society of Systematic Zoology, [and] the Western Society of Naturalists, Seattle, Wash., Usa, Dec. 27-30, 1980. Josselyn, M.N. 198281Wetland restoration and enhancement in California 11060California Sea Grant College Program PublicationReport No. T-CSGCP-007 esf M0@9Elkhorn Slough, wetlands, restoration, habitat managementThis publication is a preceedings of a workshop held in February 1982. It contains the following sections: 1) Summary of past wetland restoration projects in California 2) An inventory of California coastal wetlands with a potential for restoration and enhancement 3) Development of regional wetland restoration goals: coastal wetlands 4) San Francisco Bay 5) Legal and institutional constraints and opportunities in wetlands enhancement 6) Engineering wetlands: circulation, sedimentation, and water quality 7) Restoration techniques, research, and monitoring: vegetation 8) Salt marsh faunas: colonization and monitoring 9) Towards an overall strategy in designing wetland restoration 10) abstracts from the poster session0Julian, D. Arp, A. J.  1992n=Sulfide permeability in the marine invertebrate Urechis caupoA 0 *#Journal of Comparative Physiology B\ 162y1e 59-67sJ Comp Physiol esfId$Hydrogen Sulfide, Epithelia, Hindgut, Sulfide Elimination Mechanism, Low Tide, Burrow Water, Toxicity, Permeability, Invertebrates, Echiura, Urechis caupo, biochemistry, physiology, environmental toxicology, echiuroidea, Elkhorn Slough, Biochemical Systemic and Environmental PhysiologyHydrogen sulfide can reach toxic concentrations in the burrow-water of the echiuran worm Urechis caupo during low tide. Its two large epithelial surfaces, the thick muscular body wall and the thin-walled hindgut are in constant contact with the environment. Hindgut inflation of up to 2 ml water.g wet weight-1 causes tissue stretch. To determine if these body surfaces present a barrier to sulfide influx, the total permeability coefficient P(T) was measured at different degrees of stretch in diffusion chambers at pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0, and specific permeability coefficients P(H2S) and P(HS)- were calculated. Both the body wall and the hindgut were more permeable to H2S than HS-. The body wall showed no significant increase in sulfide permeability with natural degrees of stretch, and the mean P(H2S) and P(HS) were 0.17 and 0.063 cm. h-1, respectively. The sulfide permeability of the hindgut was increased by stretch, with the relative permeability of H2S increasing faster than that of HS-. Unstretched hindgut mean P(H2S) and P(HS)- were 0.095 and 0.11 cm.h-1, respectively, and stretched hindgut mean P(H2S) and P(HS) were 1.8 and 0.16 cm.h-1, respectively. A model of sulfide influx in the natural environment indicates that even if the hindgut is kept uninflated, the coclomic fluid of U. caupo would have toxic sulfide concentrations well before the end of a 2-h tidal exposure in the absence of a sulfide elimination mechanism.("Julian, D. Passman, W.E. Arp, A.J. 1996PIWater lung and body wall contributions to respiration in an echiuran wormRespiration Physiology 106r2\187-198g esfI@9Annelid, physiology, respiratory system, biochemistry, metabolism, Oxygen, Body Wall, Echiuran Worm, Hindgut Uptake, Hindgut Ventilation Activity, Water Lung, Whole Animal Consumption, Gas Exchange, Invertebrate, Urechis Caupo, Sulfide, Elkhorn Slough, marine, benthic, estuarine, Bodega Harbor, Pillar Point"The modified hindgut of the echiuran marine worm Urechis caupo functions as a water lung and has been assumed to be a much more important respiratory surface than its thick, muscular body wall. We tested this assumption by measuring whole animal O-2 consumption, hindgut O-2 uptake, and hindgut ventilation activity simultaneously in unrestrained worms in artificial burrows from 25 to 300 Torr O-2. Under experimental conditions the contribution of the hindgut to total O-2 uptake is variable and strongly correlated to hindgut ventilatory activity. Over a P-O2 range simulating that encountered in the natural environment, the hindgut accounts for approximately half of total O-2 uptake on average. Under progressive hypoxic exposure total O-2 consumption decreased by 50%, yet O-2 conductance and extraction increased. The results suggest that the water lung function of the modified hindgut supplements O-2 uptake across the body wall, and may be especially important during periods of high activity such as may occur during feeding and burrowing.d& Julian, D. Dalia, W.E. Arp, A.J. 1998VNeuromuscular sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide in the marine invertebrate Urechis caupo I &Journal of Experimental Biologye 201r9  1393-1403} esfIF@Aerobic Respiration, Contraction, Neuromuscular Sensitivity, Toxicity, Muscle, Contraction, Invertebrates, Echiura, Urechis Caupo, Hydrogen Sulfide, Mechanisms, Cyanide, Ph, Detoxification, Hemoglobin, Metabolism, Tolerance, Exposure, Elkhorn Slough, annelids, toxicology, biochemistry, physiology, benthic, estuarineHydrogen sulfide (HS) is a well-known inhibitor of aerobic respiration via its reversible binding of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, but recent studies have suggested that HS may have other non-respiratory actions. We have studied the effects of HS on spontaneous and evoked contractions in vitro under hypoxic and anoxic conditions in nerve-muscle preparations from the echiuran worm Urechis caupo. Contraction amplitude in response to electric held stimulation under anoxic conditions was completely abolished by HS within minutes in a classic dose-response relationship (K-d=31 mmol l(-1), r(2)=0.86). Exposure of body wall and esophagus to HS in vitro for up to 6 h demonstrated that the contraction amplitude and frequency of spontaneous activity were relatively insensitive to anoxia, but that the sensitivity to HS was similar to that seen in field-stimulated muscle (K-d=2.7-32 mmol l(-1)). The toxic effects of HS were reversible, with almost complete recovery under anoxic conditions within the first hour. These data indicate that HS at millimolar concentrations can directly inhibit muscle contraction. Although the mechanism of this action is unknown, it does not appear to involve metabolic pathways or oxygen transport.@f.B Kvitek, R.G. Oliver, J.S. 1988leSea otter foraging habits and effects on prey populations and communities in soft-bottom environments\ $VanBlaricom, G.R. Estes, J.A.*#The Community Ecology of Sea Otters  New York, NY Springer-Verlag65 22-470)Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis esfVAnimals, Carnivores, Chordates, Invertebrates, Mammals, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Vertebrates, Enhydra lutris, sea otters, Tivela stultorum, Tresus nuttallii, Saxidomus nuttali, Cancer magister, Cancer productus, crabs, clams, Prey Biomass, Abundance, Size Distribution, Foraging Strategy, Habitat Choice, Ecology, Metabolism, Nutrition, ecology, marine, benthic, Elkhorn Slough, Alaska, California, Monterey Bay, Prince William Sound In this chapter we review what is known about the foraging habits of sea otters in soft-sediment environments, including their influence on prey populations and communities. The diets of sea otters and the different prey communities in soft-bottom habitats are also described. We consider the vulnerability of prey populations, the community effect of feeding disturbance, and some major differences between foraging on soft and rocky substrates. Whenever possible, we suggest where future research is needed to increase our understanding of the community ecology of sea otters in soft-sediment environments. Sea otters consume over 30 spp (primarily clams) of soft-sediment prey. These can be divided into three functional groups: epifauna, shallow-burrowing infauna, and deep-burrowing infauna. The most important epifaunal prey are crabs especially Dungeness and red crabs (Cancer magister and Cancer productus). The shallow-burrowing infaunal prey are primarily suspension-feeding clams that live in the surface layer of the sediment. The number of Pismo clams (Tivela stultorum) caught by clammers decreased markedly after foraging sea otters first arrived at several California beaches - however there may be other causes for this decline than just sea otter predation. The deep-burrowing infauna are primarily species of long-siphoned clams that often live below 30 cm and sometimes deeper than 1 m into the sediment. Several populations of these deeply buried species have persisted for longer periods of time than the Pismo clam or crabs in spite of otter predation, suggesting an effective depth refuge. Unlike the epifauna and shallow-burrowing infauna, sea otters must excavate considerable quantities of sediments to obtain the deep-burrowing species. In the process they create distinct feeding excavations or pits on the sea floor which greatly modify the primary substrate, the structure of the porewater system and the burrow-associated microhabitats. The discarded shells of bivalve prey also provide hard substratum for colonization by fouling organisms in habitats where this substrate is otherwise scarce. Thus, sea otter predation on deep-burrowing infauna may have the broadest ecological effects despite this prey's reduced vulnerability to otter predation. In rocky habitats otters select the largest individuals of prey and cause major and rapid declines in preferred prey populations. In soft-sediment areas this is only documented for the epifauna and shallow-burrowing infaunal prey. Many soft-sediment prey enjoy better refuges than rocky prey due to greater habitat expanse and a more cryptic life habit. Since rocky habitats are like small islands in a sea of soft sediment, sea otters may depend on soft-bottom habitats as much or even more than on the rocky shore. rlKvitek, R.G. Silberstein, M.A. Oliver, J. S. Slattery, P.N. Jong, C. Nybakken, J. Anderson, B. S. Finn, K. 1996XQPersistence and change of infaunal invertebrate communities in the Elkhorn SloughuUnpublished Manuscriptsp esfpIn60invertebrates, community ecology, Elkhorn Slough Lacocca, R. Cohen, J.i 1971haA preliminary study of the effect of the PG&E warm water outfall on the ecology of Elkhorn Slough Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Unpublished Student ReportM:4Elkhorn Slough; pg & e; water; ecology; human impact b\Ladd, J.M. Hayes, S.P. Martin, M. Stephenson, M.D. Coale, S.L. Linfield, J. Brown, M. 1984>8California State Mussel Watch: 1981-1983 Biennial Report Sacramento, CA *#State Water Resources Control Board= 146&Water Quality Monitoring Reportp No. 83-6TS esf}I1Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, biomonitoring, pollution, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, aquatic toxicologyThe California State Mussel Watch Program monitored toxic pollutant levels in mussels from coastal, bay and estuarine areas duirng 1981-83. This effort was a continuation of an ongoing program sponsored by the State Water Resources Control Board and performed by the Department of Fish and Game. Samples were analyzed for about 55 synthetic organic compounds - primarily chlorinated pesticides and PCBs - and about 10 trace metals. Collections from coastal and bay/estuarine areas were made at over 150 stations during 1981-1983. In addition to routine baseline monitoring, a major portion of the effort was devoted to site-specific surveys, including: 1) Redwood Creek in South SanFrancisco Bay for silver 2) Moss Landing drainage for the pesticides DDT, Endosulfan, and Toxaphene 3) Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor for DDT 4) Newport Bay for trace metal and PCBs 5) San Diego Bay for PCBs, copper, zinc, and silver  Landrau, E. 1993~The effect of relative water motion on growth rate of Mytilus edulis in the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve 6 D  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories15 Unpublished Student Report esf I, Wzbivalves, mussels, invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, intertidal, benthic, ecology, growth rate, water motionhaA species of mussels commonly seen off California is the blue or bay mussle Mytilus edulis. It mainly inhabits calm waters like bays, sloughs, and estuaries. Environmental conditions in each habitat may limit the size of the mussels located in that region. This study was conducted to examine the effect relative water motion had on growth rate of M. edulis. The study was conducted at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, in Watsonville, CA. Mytilus edulis were collected from a slow-water motion zone, and then transferred to three study sites (A, B, and C), each of which had two areas, a fast-water motion area and a slow-water motion area. The mean shell length increase was not significantly different between the two water motions. There was no significant relationship between the mean shell length increase and the relative water motion.t00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000  B  Jurek, R.M. 1992("Non-native red foxes in California JDCalifornia Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Management Division16,&Nongame Bird and Mammal Section Report 92-04 esfBVFmammals, foxes, Moss Landing Wildlife Area, Elkhorn Slough, marsh, terrestrial, invasive species, ecology, conservation, endangered species, predator control, population regulationNon-native varieties of red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, that were imported into California have populated lowland areas in much of the state. They are common in many natural environments and are thiriving in several urban areas. The range of this now widespread and abundant predator has been expanding because of natural propagation and dispersal and because of illegal relocation by people. In recent decades, the non-native red fox has become a significant threat to many endangered species and other vulnerable native animals. To protect endangered wildlife, agencies have had to implement localized fox control by trapping and euthanasia, as well as by fencing and other nonlethal predator control methods. Some fox control efforts at wildlife refuges have been challenged in courts. The Department of Fish and Game has been cooperating with other agencies to determine the current population status of the non-native red fox, to assess the damage this introduced predator causes to wildlife, and to take effective action to protect the public and wildlife. Other efforts include informing the public about the threats these foxes pose and about the nature of agency control programs.e Kao, J.S.\ 2000VDiet, daily ration, and gastric evacuation of the leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) A U "Department of Marine Science LEMoss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University Haywardc96 M.S. Thesis sp esf F,elasmobranches, shark, invertebrate, Elkhorn Slough, staghorn sculpin, leopard shark, innkeeper worm, benthic, marine, estuary, foraging, prey, digestion, physiology, ecology, ichthyology1 The tropic interactions of an apex predator such as the leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) are potentially important factors in structuring the estuarine benthic ecosystem. The measure a predator's protenial impact, its diet and consumption rate must be determined. The food habits of the leopard shark were reexamined after years of large-scale physical and biotic changes in its prey community, which were reflected in the diet of this opportunistic generalist feeder. Feeding chronologies and forage areas differed for small and large sharks in Elkhorn Slough. Small sharks (<120 cm TL) were found to feed heavily on fat innkeeper worms, Urechis caupo, within the shallow coves of the Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Research Reserve. Large sharks (>120 cm TL) were found to feed on fishes and fat innkeeper worms nocturnally in the deeper main channel prtions of Elkohorn Slough. Leopard sharks displayed a gorge and digest rather than a continuous feeding regime. The gastic evacuation rates of small and large leopard sharks were examined for their primary prey types; small sharks evacuated U. caupo in a linear fashion and large sharks evacuated the staghorn sculpin, Leptocottus armatus in a linear fashion. Digestion was faster on larger sharks than small sharks for their primary prey under controlled conditions. Daily ration estimates of small and large sharks differed for bioenergetic and conventional ration models on a % body weight consumed basis. Small shark ration estimates sppeared lower than large shark estimates using non-bioenergetic models, however no significant differences existed between ration estimates using resampling-generated confidence estimates. Bioenergetic estimates of small shark daily ration were much higher than non-bioenergetic ration estimates of small sharks, and much higher than all ration estimates of large sharks. Differences in ration estimates may be due to diel differences in thermal regime for small and large sharks, which may affect in situ digestion rates; conversely, large-scale diel migrations may increase the metabolic needs of large leopard sharks. Small and large shark diets have become increasingly similar since the 1970s, most likely as a respoonse to increased erosion and reestablishment of the California sea otter, Enhydra lutris in Elkhorn Slough and their combined effect upon the benthic community. Small and large shark diet has come to include more U. caupo and fish prey than in the early 1970s.  Kelly, M. 1987ztSeasonal abundance and feeding ecology of avian species found in the north marsh of Elkhorn Slough under restoration Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories10 Unpublished Student Report esf B;ZSElkhorn Slough, Birds, Vertebrate, marsh, ecology, foraging, seasonality, abundanceaThis report includes 7 figures that give the following data: 1) species observed, date, abundances 2) number of individuals vs. time for american avocet and great blue heron 3) number of species per week 4) tide level and number of roosting birds over time 5) percentage of roosting and feeding birds over time 6) wind speed vs. total number of birds present over time 7) wind speed vs. number of roosting birds over time Kenna, M. 1994&Elkhorn Slough and Moss Landing Moss Landing, CA Elkhorn Slough Foundation2nd ed. photographsl,%UCSC Special Collections: F868.E45K46,Ri>8Elkhorn Slough, California, Pictorial works, photographs  Kerr, L.A. 2000LFAnthropomorphic effects of erosion and sedimentation in Elkhorn Slough7a>8Marine Geology Final Project, Unpublished Student Report esf.MVOElkhorn Slough, estuary, benthic, geology, sedimentation, erosion, human impactElkhorn Slough is a sensitive wetland habitat that has been evolving since its creation 16,000 to 18,000 years ago. Changes that have occurred in the modern geologic history of Elkhorn Slough, such as the diversion of the Salinas River in 1910, the excavation of Moss Landing Harbor in 1947, and the reopening of dikes and levees in the 1980's, can be attributed to human activity. These changes have resulted in the reduction of freshwater input to the slough, the opening of the slough to tidal currents, and an increase in tidal volume. Data collected on the sediment accumulation rates, grain size, sediment stratigraphy, and channel geomorphology is important to understanding the historical changes in Elkhorn Slough. Throughout its history, the slough has transformed from an environment dominated by erosion to an environment dominated by sedimentation, and most recently back to an erosional environment. Today, erosion is a major environmental problem within Elkhorn Slough. This process removes salt marsh and mudflat habitat, changes the geomorphology of the channel and tidal creeks, and undercuts bordering land. Erosion has also dramatically impacted the hydrology of the slough and the biological communities this habitat supports. A survey of leterature on the geology of Elkhorn Slough has revealed that humans have been the main agents of change in the recent history of this environment causing increased rates of erosion that continue to affect Elkhorn Slough today.i King, J. A. Oliver, J. S.b\Effects of macroalgal mats on invertebrate mudflat communities in Elkhorn Slough, CaliforniaOpheliaeP.$Invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough`Z$want abstract and citation NOT in Ophelia, can't find on any search engines; unpublished? }@W Elkhorn Slough, humans, invertebrates, anthropology, paleoanthropology, aboriginal groups, terrestrial, populations size, paleoenvironment, pollen, shellfishElkhorn Slough, humans, invertebrates, anthropology, paleoanthropology, aboriginal groups, terrestrial, populations size, paleoenvironment, pollen, shellfish, archaeologypkElkhorn Slough, hydrology, human impact, erosion, coastal geology, sediment, tidal creeks, salt marsh, dikeplElkhorn Slough, hydrology, human impact, erosion, coastal geology, sediment, tidal creeks, salt marsh, dikesd^Elkhorn Slough, hydrology, oceanography, tidal currents, geology, tidal elevation, temperature4`ZElkhorn Slough, hydrology, oceanography, tidal currents, tidal elevation, current velocityjYElkhorn Slough, inorganic phosphate, salinity, oxygen, pH, tidal flats, channel, seasonality, chemistry, marine, estuary, baseline characterizationElkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, clams, crustaceans, worms, estuary, mudflats, benthic, sediment, ecology, sampling design, abundanced`Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, clams, innkeeper worms, shrimp, management, ecology, human impactElkhorn Slough, invertebrates, crabs, zooplankton, marine, estuary, planktonic, ecology, vertical stratification, transport, biological oceanography, hydrologyYXRElkhorn Slough, invertebrates, infauna, estuarine, benthic, ecology, sediment typeElkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, monitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, human impactElkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, monitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, human impactsnvD?Elkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Gastropoda, moon snailElkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, mudflats, salt marsh, salt ponds, Calidris mauri, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Limosa fedoa, stomach pumping, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalves, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Annelida, Polychaeta, Protozoa, Foraminifera, crabs, iElkhorn Slough, invertebrates, shellfish, molluscs, water quality, pollution, risk assessment, fecal coliform, temperature, salinity, aquacultureElkhorn Slough, invertebrates, shellfish, molluscs, water quality, pollution, risk assessment, fecal coliform, temperature, salinity, aquaculture, invertebratesxtElkhorn Slough, land management, plants, landscapes, maritime chaparral, ecology, management, land use, conservation@;Elkhorn Slough, land use, historical description, sociologytnElkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, watershed, pollution, aquatic toxicology, water quality, restoration, wetlandElkhorn Slough, monitoring, environmental quality, aquatic toxicology, pollution, nitrate, ammonium, dissolved inorganic phosphate, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, estuarine, coastal oceanographyYxsElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population sizeElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonaliltyElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Gastropoda, snails, marine, estuary, ecology, foraging, feeding behavior, prey choice, gut contentsTNElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, coastal, oil spill, environmental impactic uses of the Moss Landing Wildlife Area has enabled it to become a primary haven for many species of waterfowl foraging, roosting, and breeding there. It has also become an important pit-stop for migrating species along the Pacific Coast. Thus, the purpose of the MLWA today, in preserving this precious waterfowl habitat, is extremely critical in a time in which increased human population is constantly threatening the destruction of many important unprotected waterfowl areas. The DF&G, as primary managers of the MLWA, have developed a very well thought out Management Plan, which will provide for the best interests of the waterfowl in the area, at all times of the year. The DF&G has focused much of their attention towards restoration efforts so far so that the area can be managed in the way the Management Plan specifies. However, when one steps away from everything and focuses in on the MLWA from the "BIG PICTURE" point of view, the conclusion can be made that the major component lacking is a work and monitoring program to implement the Management Plan. When a work and monitoring plan is developed for the Managment Plan, and is implemented, is when the management of the MLWA will be most beneficial to the waterfowl it is being managed for. Kronschnabl, K. 1985jdThe effects of a coarse grain sediment placed on a mudflat in the Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories18 Unpublished Student Report esf=GXRElkhorn Slough, invertebrates, infauna, estuarine, benthic, ecology, sediment typeRKTo determine if the emplacement of sand on the Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary has an effect on the diversity and abundances of infaunal invertebrates, six wooden frames were placed on an intertidal mudflat. Three of the frames contained medium grain sand and three contained the mud present in the sanctuary. These replicates and three more replicates of mud without frames (controls) were allowed to sit for four weeks. After sampling the replicates, very few differences could be detected between treatments. All three treatments were low in diversity and the abundance of each species was the same except for a significant decrease in the polychaete Streblospio benedicti found in the sand replicates. An increase of sediment on top of the sand replicates was possitively correlatd with an increase in the overall number of individuals."Kudenov, J. D. Blake, J. A. 1985QA new species of Pseudeurythoe (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) from Central Californiau   >7Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciencese841a 38-40a esf,InAnimals, Annelids, Invertebrates, Taxonomy, comparative Anatomy, Systematic Zoology, Ecology, Animal Distribution, Elkhorn Slough, marine, intertidal, Pseudeurythoe reductaA new intertidal amphinomid polychaete of the genus Pseudeurythoe [P. reducta], is described from the Elkhorn Slough in central California. The species is compared to related congeners. Kukowski, G.E. 1972A checklist of the fishes of the Monterey Bay area including Elkhorn Slough, the San Lorenzo, Pajaro and Salinas Rivers: Annual Report, Part 2 Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories72Technical PublicationrCASUC-MLML-TP-72-02s esfeFoTMFishes, taxonomy, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, ecology, distribution0*A data compilation consisting of lists of tables identifying the fishes of the Monterey Bay Area. The first table presents all the species reported in the bay area including the river and slough areas. There follows tables identifying: fishes not yet reported in Monterey Bay but whose ranges include the area; fishes reported and literature sources; fishes reported from Elkhorn Slough, from the San Lorenzo River, from the Pajaro River, and from the Salinas River. A well documented list of literature sources with more than 190 references is included. @ } xrElkhorn Slough, estuarine, geology, hydrology, resource management, mitigation, erosion, human impact, restorationheElkhorn Slough, estuary, animals, plants, site description, education, research, outreach, managementTOElkhorn Slough, estuary, benthic, geology, sedimentation, erosion, human impact83Elkhorn Slough, estuary, conservation, human impact84Elkhorn Slough, estuary, conservation, human impactsD>Elkhorn Slough, estuary, tidal scour, erosion, coastal geologyElkhorn Slough, fishElkhorn Slough, fish, animals, English sole, Parophrys vetulus, marine, estuary, benthic, flatfish, ecology, bioenergetics, physiology, water temperature, ration, conversion efficiency, physiologyElkhorn Slough, fish, elasmobranches, bat ray, marine, estuary, ecology, population biology, reproduction, age and growth, natural historyElkhorn Slough, fish, elasmobranches, sharks, rays, marine, estuary, benthic, ecology, distribution, abundance, seasonal cycles, food preferences, prey, invertebratesElkhorn Slough, fish, elasmobranchs, bat ray, marine, estuary, ecology, population biology, reproduction, age and growth, natural historyElkhorn Slough, fish, elasmobranchs, sharks, rays, marine, estuary, benthic, ecology, distribution, abundance, seasonal cycles, food preferences, prey, invertebratesElkhorn Slough, fish, Old Salinas River, Bennet Slough, estuarine, shallow marsh, benthic, pelagic, ecology, spatial and temporal composition, fish assemblages, monitoring, baseline characterizationHDElkhorn Slough, fish, sharks, marine, pelagic, estuarine, physiologyXTElkhorn Slough, fish, sharks, marine, pelagic, estuarine, physiology, elasmobranchesXSElkhorn Slough, fish, sharks, marine, pelagic, estuarine, physiology, elasmobranchsliElkhorn Slough, fish, trawling, benthic, marine, estuary, ecology, species composition, species diversityElkhorn Slough, fish, yellowfin goby, topsmelt, speckled sanddab, arrow goby, pacific herring, shiner surfperch, northern anchovy, three-spine stickleback, longjaw mudsucker, bay blenny, bay goby, staghorn sculpin, california halibut, english sole, starElkhorn Slough, fishes, smelt, Atherinidae, marine, estuary, pelagic, ecology, distribution, abundance, seasonal cycles, reproduction, spawning, foraging, prey, invertebrates`[Elkhorn Slough, flowering plants, saltmarsh, intertidal, ecology, colonization, restorationY$ Elkhorn Slough, freshwater pondsHCElkhorn Slough, geology, terrestrial, characterization, fault lineslgElkhorn Slough, green algae, crustaceans, annelids, marine, estuarine, benthic, distribution, abundanceElkhorn Slough, green algae, marine, estuarine, marsh, benthic, ecology, distribution, morphology, natural history, environmental gradient, salinityElkhorn Slough, green algae, marine, estuarine, marsh, benthic, ecology, distribution, morphology, natural history, environmental gradient, salinity, plants@=Elkhorn Slough, habitat, management, protection, conservation > Laurent, L.L. 1971nThe spawning Cycle and Juvenile Growth Rate of the Gaper Clam, Tresus nuttallii, of Elkhorn Slough, California ? O  San Francisco, CAo F@Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Francisco State University56 M.A. Thesissp esfIbivalvia, invertebrates, Mollusca, clam, Tresus nuttali, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, mud flats, benthic, intertidal, ecology, spawning, reproduction, growth rates\A twelve month study to determine the spawning cycle of adult clams, Tresus nuttalli, and the growth rates of their juveniles was conducted in Elkhorn Slough, California. The spawning study was accomplished by histological inspection of the gonads of clams collected during each series of tides lower than -0,7 ft. An attempt was made to determine growth rates of the juveniles by two methods; frequency distribution analysis of population samples taken during every low tide series and by maintenance of premeasured juveniles in a controlled situation under natural conditions. The study revealed that the spawning cycle of Tresus nuttalli extends through most of the year with the exception of July and August when a majority of clams appeared sexually inactive. Correlation of gonadal maturity with juvenile abundance suggests that there are winter peaks of spawning. No sexual size dimorphism was found and the clams proved to be strictly dioecious. Determination of juvenile growth rates by probability paper analysis proved unsuccessful due to prolonged sqawning periods. However, a study of the growth of juveniles in a controlled situation revealed that juveniles with shell lengths between 4.0 mm and about 20.0 mm grow and average rate of near 0.25 mm per day. Leccese, M. 1994A really big slough: Landscape-architect Janecki, Joni L., assisting efforts to heal the Elkhorn Slough wetlands and grasslandsLandscape Architecture845 24+sRd\UElkhorn Slough, architecture, restoration, wetlands, grasslands, estuary, terrestrial Lee, M. 1949ZThe distribution of Urechis caupo at Elkhorn Slough, with remarks on some limiting factors  !  BWater quality management, California, Elkhorn Slough, PlanningLHwater quality, Elkhorn Slough, pesticides, agriculture, BMP, Kleinfelder84water quality, shellfish contamination, human health watershedwatershed, wetlands, land use, resource management, development impacts, hydrology, sedimentation, salinity, precipitation, run-off, erosion, Elkhorn Slough watersheds, Elkhorn SloughZ|ywaves, water movement, Moss Landing Harbor, Elkhorn Slough, tides, currents, coastal oceanography, estuarine oceanography<9wetlands restoration, Estuarine Sanctuary, Elkhorn Sloughwetlands restoration, infaunal invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough, polychaetes, amphipods, copepods, bivalves, gastropods, benthic, estuarine, ecology, conservation, managementWetlands, California, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, Coastal ecology, coastal geology, sediment, scour, erosion, currents, marine, estuarine, saltmarshWorm, Alimentary Canal, Sulfide, Sulfide-Oxidizing Bodies, Elkhorn Slough, Urechis caupo, Marine Echiuran Worm, Body-Wall, Helix aspersa, Bacteria, Accumulation, Environment, Adaptations, Invertebrata, Annelida, Polychaeta, digestive system, invertebratZirphaea pilsbryizooplankton, Elkhorn Slough, California, Annelida, Invertebrata, Animals, Annelids, Invertebrates, Streblospio benedicti, Polydora ligni, Armandia brevis, Capitella spp, Physical, Chemical Properties ,Tidal Prism, Marine Environment, Ecology, larvae, pezooplankton, Elkhorn Slough, California, Annelida, Invertebrates, Animals, Annelids, Invertebrates, Streblospio benedicti, Polydora ligni, Armandia brevis, Capitella spp, Physical, Chemical Properties ,Tidal Prism, Marine Environment, Ecology, larvae, p&j  King, J.M. 1976F@Bio-Archaelogical reconnaissance of the Elkhorn Slough District.Moss Landing: ERAnReD>Elkhorn Slough; Archaeological Data; Moss Landing, archaeology  King, J.M. 1982F@Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary: Cultural resource management ,&California Department of Fish and Game 55-70 Report esf R\B;Elkhorn Slough, land use, historical description, sociology=piThis except of the report includes the following sections: c) historical overview of the Elkhorn Slough area - describes the chronology of human habitation of the area and the related human activities such as fishing, agriculture, etc. d) Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary - history of the land, Meyer-Buck family and Lodge, Empire Gun Club, Elkhorn Dairy FarmKing, John Michael 19824.Historical overview of the Elkhorn Slough area  King, J.M.F@Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary: Cultural Resource Management 55-70a*#UCSC Special Collection: F868.M7K56Rl:4Elkhorn Slough, California, History, Monterey County ~+"estuaries, estuarine fishes, principal component analysis, stepwise multiple regression analysis, U.S. west coast, estuarine habitat, vertebrates, environmental biology, ecology, fish, distribution, abundance, biodiversity, Elkhorn Slough`\Estuarine area conservation, California, Monterey County, Planning, Elkhorn Slough WatershedTOEstuarine area conservation, California, Planning, Elkhorn Slough, Case studiesEstuarine ecology, California, Elkhorn Slough, Marine sediments, Nitrification, Biogeochemical cycles, bacterial, microbial sediments, nitrification potential, bacterial productivity, bacterial abundance, thiramEstuarine ecology, environmental sciences, Nutrition, Chondrichthyes, Pisces, Crustacea, Invertebrata, Mollusca, Osteichthyes, Vertebrata, Polychaeta, Annelida, Amphistichus argenteus, Atherinops affinis, Atherinopsis californiensis, Citharichthys stigm(#Estuarine Sanctuary, Elkhorn SloughEstuarine, ecology, Nutrition, Wildlife management, Phocidae, Pinnipedia, Mammalia, Phoca vitulina, Pinnipeds, Haul out site, Animal Behavior, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, DietEstuarine, ecology, Nutrition, Wildlife management, Phocidae, Pinnipedia, Mammals, Phoca vitulina, Pinnipeds, Haul out site, Animal Behavior, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, Diet estuaryniestuary, archaeology<9Estuary, habitat conservation, California, Elkhorn SloughLFEstuary, habitat conservation, California, Elkhorn Slough, agricultureethnology, archaeology, anthropology, climate changes, ecosytems, subsistence strategy, foraging, Elkhorn SLough, humans, plants, invertebrates, terrestrial Expression Mepmfeeding habits, size, fecundity, population biology, marine, estuarine, elasmobranches, ecology, reproductionplfeeding habits, size, fecundity, population biology, marine, estuarine, elasmobranchs, ecology, reproductionFeeding Preferencesatfishefish, Elkhorn Slough, elasmobranches, leopard sharks, marine, estuary, benthic, ecology, age, growth, sexual maturity, reproduction}fish, Elkhorn Slough, estuaries, bays, geography, comparisons, marine, ecology, habitat function, environmental variability,fish, Elkhorn Slough, Marine ecosystems, food webs, USA, California, Inland Waters, predator-prey relationships, Vertebrates, Chordates, ecology, invertebrates, diet, marine, estuaryfish, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, benthic, pelagic, ecology, trophic ecology, erosion, sediment, invertebrates, crustaceansfish, Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, Chordates, Chondrichthyes, Exploitation Fishery, Life History, Tetracycline, Mark-Recapture, Tagging, California, age, growth, reproduction, von Bertalanffy growth curves, ecology, marine, benthic, elasmobranches, estufish, Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, Chordates, Chondrichthyes, Exploitation Fishery, Life History, Tetracycline, Mark-Recapture, Tagging, California, age, growth, reproduction, von Bertalanffy growth curves, ecology, marine, benthic, elasmobranchs, estua0,fish, Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates. Chordates@02 Susanne Fork Susanne ForkZOh+'0t  0 < HT\dlss Susanne ForkousausaNormal  Susanne Forko13aMicrosoft Word 9.0@ @g@ $h"Martin, L.K. Cailliet, G.M.o 1988eAge and growth determination of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica Gill, in central California [USA]1 - C  Copeia3762-7733 esfiF,rkVertebrates, Chordates, Chondrichthyes, Fish, rays and skate, Radiation Techniques, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Radiologic Anatomy, Commercial Species, Sex Difference, Size Frequency, Distribution, Mineralization, Circulus, Deposition, Oil Clearing, X-Radiography, von Bertalanffy Growth Curve, marine, subtidal, age and growth, Elkhorn Slough, elasmobranches1Ages of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, from central California were determined using two methods oil-clearing and x-radiography to enhance the growth bands on the vertebral centra. The annual nature of band deposition was supported by comparison of modal disc widths (DW) from size-frequency analysis of the first three age classes to mean back-calculated DW, and by changes in centrum edge widths and mineralization patterns. Signficant differences between mean DW determined by the two ageing techniques occurred in only one age class for each sex. The x-radiography technique produced the most realistic growth curve for males, while for females the oil-clearing tehcnique was best. However, for the sample analyzed, the two techniques produced similar growth curves. The von Bertalanffy growth curves derived from these techniques indicate that female bat rays reach a greater asymptotic size (DW = 1587 mm) and have a lower growth rate (K = 0.0995)than males (DW = 1004 mm, K = 0.229).$Martin, L. K. Cailliet, G. M.d 1988^Aspects of the reproduction of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in central California, USA , B  Copeia32754-762 esftFChondrichthyes, Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Vertebrates, Commercial Species, Embryo, Spermatozoa, Ovum, Sexual Maturity, Gestation, Annual Cycle, Sex Difference, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Wildlife Management, Aquatic, Reproductive System, Physiology and Biochemistry, Developmental Biology, Elkhorn Slough, seasonality, marine, subtidal, elasmobranches/Reproduction in bat bay rays collected from Elkhorn Slough in central California appers to follow a well-defined annual cycle 8 in which mature individuals use the Slough in the spring and summer months to give birth and mate. The bat ray's gestation period is estimated to be between 9-12 mo. Embryo number in pregnant femaels ranged between 2-5. Disc width at birth ranged between 220-305 mm. In male bat rays, three indicators of sexual maturity (presence of mature spermatozoa, clasper/disc-width relationship, and internal morphlogy) showed that at 2-3 yr of age sexual maturity occurs at a disc width of about 450-622 mm. In females, presence of mature ova, ranging from means of 25-279 per female, indicates that 50% maturity occurs at about 881 mm disc width and approx. 5 yr of age.a  Mayer, M. A. 1986^WRecruitment of plants into a newly established salt marsh in Elkhorn Slough, California; Washington, D.C. ("Office of Sanctuary Programs, NOAA Final ReportPh:4plants; marsh; estuaries; Elkhorn Slough; California Mayer, M.A. 1987`ZFlowering plant recruitment into a newly restored salt marsh in Elkhorn Slough, California"Department of Marine Science D>Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and San Jose State University41 M.S. Thesis esfPb[Elkhorn Slough, flowering plants, saltmarsh, intertidal, ecology, colonization, restorationRKThe colonization of a newly restored salt marsh by flowering plants was dominated by the perennial, Salicornia virginica, and the annual, Spergularia marina. Recruitment of both species was higher at upper (1.4 - 1.6 m above MLLW) than lower (1.2 - 1.4 m) tidal elevations and near the entrance channel compared to areas furthest away. Total number of seedlings varied between 0 - 17/square meters during the first year, while there were hundreds of S. virginica and thousands of S. marina seedlings/square meter during the second year. At the end of the first year, the highest total flowering plant cover was 25%. It increased to as high as 90% by the end of the second year. S. virginica increased from an average cover of 3% after one year to 43% after two years. S. marina cover increased from an average of 6% after one year to 14% after two years. The third most common colonist, the annual Atriplex patula, primarily invaded the narrow wrack zone where debris was deposited by tides. Both S. virginica and A patula flowered in the fall. S. marina flowered in late winter to fall, having the longest period of flowering and germination. Despite the tremendous recruitment of S. marina, the higher canopy of S. virginica apparently shades the smaller S. marina plants and should eventually cover most of the new marsh in one to two additional years.umultiple copies (2)  McCormick, S. 1977,%The rich life of a coastal salt marshn4.Journal of the California Native Plant Society 14-19  esftRf}Elkhorn Slough, plants, animals, salt marsh plants, invertebrates, mud flats, benthic, ecology, natural history, conservation`YThis article describe the natural history of the mudflats and salt marshes of the Elkhorn Slough. It also discusses the following topics: salt water tolerance of plants, zones of vegetation in the salt marsh, the ecological importance of Elkhorn Slough, preservation, the Nature Conservancy's Elkhorn Slough Preserve as an educational facility.mMcDonald, G.R. 1977:3A review of the nudibranchs of the California coastDepartment of Biology LFMoss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University, Hayward 337t M.A. Thesis= esfIinvertebrates, Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, distribution, Elkhorn Slough, open-coast species, protected-coast species, nudibranchs, marine, benthic, ecology, natural history, taxonomy@:All the named species of nudibranchs reported from California are described. Synonomies are given for each species, along with a detailed bibliography. A key to aid in identification and drawings of the radula of each species are present. Geographic ranges, type locality, habitat, and food data are also given.,%only have abstract, TOC, introduction"McDonald, G.R Nybakken, J.W. 1978|uAdditional notes on the food of some California nudibranchs with a summary of known food habits of California speciesuVeligerf211e110-119=sp esfI{animal, invertebrates, nudibranchs, marine, California, Elkhorn Slough, ecology, prey, diet, intertidal, subtidal, taxonomy<5A few publications have dealt extensively with nudibranch food habits, but htese have treated few of the species which occur in California. This paper attempts to summarize what has previously been reported concerning food habits of species that occur in California and presents additional data for some species. The new data on food items of nudibranchs were obtained in the field while collecting nudibranchs for taxonomic and ecological studies and are not, therefore, the results of a deliberate extensive food habit study. However, we believe they should still prove useful in further investigations of nudibranch food habits. We report herein not only actual obserations of ingestion of prey, but also situations in which the evidence suggests strongly that the nudibranch species has consumed a given prey species. B J< PJOffice of Coastal Zone Management, California Department of Fish and Game, 1979|Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary: Proposed Estuarine Sanctuary Grant Award for Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California Washington, D.C. RLU.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 241a*$Final Environmental Impact Statement esfMEstuaries, California, Estuarine area conservation, Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary, resource management, Environmental Impact Statement, marine reserve, conservation, research, education, elkhorn sloughThis report discusses Elkhorn Slough management, environmental impacts (air, land and water quality), human use and resources. It outlines the affected environments and proposes a management plan for the Sanctuary. Oliver, J.S. Mayer, M.A.d]Development of plant zonation and preemption of space during the colonization of a salt marsho48Unpublished Manuscript esfPElkhorn Slough, salt marsh, zonation, disturbance, Salicornia, dodder, competition, succession, colonization, plant, pickleweed, estuary, benthic, intertidal, ecology Plant zonation was established during the initial colonization of a newly formed salt marsh in Elkhorn Slough, California. The perennial succulent, Salicornia virginica, dominated the cover in the most extensive plant zone (Salicornia zone) within three years, preempting space and inhibiting colonization of annual and other perennial species. Salicornia's life history permits rapid invasion, especially its germination lowest on the shore and high availablility of floating seeds. Although the annual species, Spergularia marina, also colonized the Salicornia zone, it was competitively over grown by Salicornia. Reciprocal weeding experiments showed a significant negative impact by Salicornia on cover of Spergularia, and no effect of Spergularia on Salicornia. The dense Salicornia canopy blocked 99% of incoming sunlight from the understory. As a result, few seeds germinated and survived under the canopy. When the canopy was experimentally removed, there was a significant increase in seed germination, and growth and survival of seedlings. Nevertheless, natural and experimental gaps in the Salicornia canopy were colonized only by annual plants (primarily Atriplex patula) or Salicornia, and by no other perennials. Species invaded the established Salicornia zone only after natural disturbances opened gaps in the canopy. Wrack debris was deposited at high tide strand line and in patches throughout the Salicornia zone, especially at sharp vertical discontinuities (channel edges, pannes, dikes). Wrack covered the canopy and provided an unshaded substrate that was often colonized by Atriples. Without periodic redeposition, wrack gaps and their Atriplex colonists were overgrown by Salicornia in three years. A similar pattern was observed when the Salicornia canopy was destroyed by infestations of the parasitic plant, dodder (Cuscuta salina). The other common perennial species, Jaumea carnosa, Frankenia grandifolia, and Distichlis spicata, dominated the cover of a relatively narrow zone above the strand line (usually above 1.9 m), but apparently invaded the Salicornia zone on wrack debris. They occurred in the Salicornia zone in small patches (<10 m2) that were diproportionately abundant in subhabitats where the frequency of wrack deposition was greatest. The size and shape of the perennial patches were also similar to wrack deposits. Although one upper zone species (Jaumea) grew into experimental canopy gaps significantly faster than Salicornia, we observed competitive standoffs at natural, undisturbed interfaces between Salicornia and several perennials for five years. Wrack deposition is probably a major disturbance process in many salt marshes, and, in Elkhorn Slough, was much more important in the past before extensive water diversions and diking, ditching, and draining of wetlands. Thus, while salt marsh zonation may be established in relatively rapid colonization events, conspicuous plant mosaics may be controlled by periodic disturbances such as wrack deposition.multiple copies (2) <6Oliver, J.S. King, J.A. Hornberger, M. Schwartz, D.L.\UExtensive salt marsh erosion caused by human activities in Elkhorn Slough, California26Unpublished Paper esf MrkElkhorn Slough, hydrology, human impact, erosion, coastal geology, sediment, tidal creeks, salt marsh, dikeSUnlike most wetlands along the west coast of North America, Elkhorn Slough is eroding at high rates because of anthropogenic manipulations of the watershed. The most extensive erosion was caused by the construction of Moss Landing Harbor and the maintenance of the harbor entrance at the slough's mouth since 1947. The pre-harbor slough was a shallow estuarine embayment with mild tidal currents and no intertidal flats. The harbor opening exposed large areas of intertidal mudflats. It scoured the slough with strong tidal curretns (max of 71 cm/sec) eroding every major sedimentary habitat. The deepest part of the main channel increased from less than 7 m in width to 125 m, and from about 1 m in depth to 7 m. Tidal creeks in the marsh increased in width an average of 72% from 1931 to 1980 (N=4), when the cover of salt marsh plants (mostly Salicornia virginica) decreased from an average of 92% to 69% (N=9). The edges of mudflats and salt marsh eroded into the main channel; and dikes and upland habitats were undercut. Rates of erosion increased during the 1980's with the breakage of dikes surrounding five former wetlands (pastures and salt ponds). The diked areas added 2.8 km2 of new wetlands to the slough, and increased the total volume of water by approximately 80%. Tidal creeks draining natural marshes increased in size by an average of 18% (N=4) from 1980 to 1987 (40 cm/yr); and increased 74% (N=3) in creeks draining habitats with broken dikes (186 cm/yr). During the same time, the cover of vegetated salt marsh decreased by 8% (N=8). The rate of wetland loss (increase in tide creek width and decrease in plant cover) from 1980 to 1987 was significantly greater than the rate from 1931 to 1980. Dike breakage was a planned and unplanned strategy for restoring salt marshes, which unfortunately accelerated habitat loss. Changes in biological communities related to erosion were equally dramatic. Extensive eel grass habitat was eroded; freshwater vegetation and anadromous fishes disappeared; and native bird, fish and invertebrate communities were replaced by more marine assemblages. Although wetland erosion in the slough is as high as rates measured from the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, the ecological changes in the slough may be much greater.multiple copies (2) ,d Menon, J. G. Arp, A. J.  1992TNMorphological adaptations of the respiratory hindgut of a marine Echiuran wormJournal of Morphologyn 214s25131-138iI<$Urechis caupo, Sulfide Oxidation, Invertebrates, echiura, Elkhorn Slough, Hydrogen Sulfide, Oxygen, Columnar Epithelium, Hindgut, Cell Membrane, Sulfide Oxidizing Body, Detoxification, Aerobic Respiration, marine, benthic, inn keeper worm, biochemistry, physiology, toxicology, mudflatsThe echiuran worm Urechis caupo lives in U-shaped burrows in marine mudflats where levels of toxic hydrogen sulfide increase and water becomes hypoxic during low tide. Even in this low oxygen and high sulfide environment, the animal is capable of maintaining aerobic respiration. Gas exchange occurs across both the body wall and hindgut. The hindgut functions as a type of water lung and is a thin walled, highly convoluted structure capable of considerable dilatation. It is rhythmically ventilated with water and its role as a respiratory organ becomes increasingly important as ambient PO2 drops. In the deflated hindgut light microscopy reveals a pseudostratified appearing innermost mucosal epithelium composed of columnar cells with nuclei at different levels. When the hindgut is fully inflated, ultrastructural studies show a simple columnar epithelium with the nuclei at the same level. Ultrastructurally, the free surface of the hindgut cells bears numerous microvilli and a few cilia. The lateral cell membranes are highly folded in the deflated hindgut, but these folds are not visible in the fully inflated hindgut. The cytoplasm contains osmiophilic bodies which show a partially lamellated pattern which may be sulfide oxidizing bodies involved in sulfide detoxification. In the fully inflated hindgut, the entire perimeter of the lumenal mucosa is covered by electron dense inclusions, whose exact function is unknown. The lack of structural information on the respiratory organ of this echiuran worm renders the interpretation of its morphological and histological features at the ultrastructural level difficult, although the present study has broadened our understanding of the structural adaptations of the hindgut as a respiratory organ.n@:Univ Calif San Francisco,Dept Biol/San Francisco//Ca/94132Menon, J. G. Arp, A. J. 1993h8The integument of the marine echiuran worm Urechis caupo + Biological Bulletin 1853440-454 esf0I0JDEpidermis, Exchange Surface, Hypoxia, Oxygen Uptake, Permeation Barrier, Sulfide Oxidizing Body , sulfide Oxidation, Bacteria, Detoxification, Adaptations, Invertebrates, Annelids, Polychaetes, Elkhorn Slough, biochemistry, physiology, toxicology, inn keeper worm, benthic, marine, comparative morphology, invertebrates<6During low tide, the burrow water of the marine echiuran worm Urechis caupo becomes hypoxic, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations reach levels that would be toxic to most animals. Integument morphology in U. caupo is evaluated as an exchange surface and as a permeation barrier. Adaptive features include the rugose nature of the epidermis, which increases the surface area for oxygen uptake, and the thick muscular body wall, which provides a chief motive power in creating peristaltic movements along the body wall to ventilate the burrow. The epidermis is covered by a cuticle and contains two types of mucus-secreting cells: orthochromatic and metachromatic. Underlying connective tissue and three muscle layers form the bulk of the body wall. The integument does not present a significant structural barrier to permeation, although the mucus secreted by the epidermal cells may retard sulfide entry. Ultrastructural studies suggest three possible mechanisms that U. caupo may use to counteract the toxic effects of sulfide at the integumentary surface: metabolism of symbiotic bacteria embedded in the innermost cuticle layer and grouped together in the superficial epidermis, dying off of peripheral, sulfide-exposed cells, and oxidation of sulfide at specialized, iron-rich, lysosomal organelles termed sulfide oxidizing bodies.Menon, J. Arp, A. J. 1998SUltrastructural evidence of detoxification in the alimentary canal of Urechis caupoe F Invertebrate Biology 117 4a307-317aIiWorm, Alimentary Canal, Sulfide, Sulfide-Oxidizing Bodies, Elkhorn Slough, Urechis caupo, Marine Echiuran Worm, Body-Wall, Helix aspersa, Bacteria, Accumulation, Environment, Adaptations, Invertebrata, Annelida, Polychaeta, digestive system, invertebrates, toxicology, epithelium, cell morphology, detoxification, elemental composition, functional specialization, benthic, marine, biochemistry, physiology2The marine worm Urechis caupo exhibits specialized secondary lysosomes termed sulfide-oxidizing bodies throughout the epithelial tissues of the alimentary canal which appear to concentrate environmental toxins such as aluminum, silica and sulfur, as revealed by X-ray microanalysis. Ultrastructural examination of the alimentary tract of U. caupo reveals a digestive tube consisting of an inner layer of epithelium lining the central lumen, a layer of connective tissue with embedded muscle fibers, and a peritoneal covering. The thickness, ciliation and morphology of the innermost epithelium show regional variation that correlate with functional specialization, and the main cell types are ciliated, microvillate, and mucus- and enzyme-secreting cells. In the anterior part of alimentary canal (esophagus, gizzard, and stomach), the epithelium is almost entirely composed of ciliated and mucus cells, serving to move particulate matter and fluids, and the gizzard epithelial morphology reflects comminution of food particles. Zn the midgut, the epithelium is composed of microvillate and enzyme-secreting cells, suggesting involvement in digestive and absorptive functions. The hindgut, which acts as a water lung and is devoid of any digestive function, is Lined by microvillate cells involved in gaseous exchange. The epithelium of the body wall and hindgut have been previously reported to contain numerous sulfide-oxidizing bodies, similar in ultrastructure and elemental composition to those of the alimentary canal described here (Menon & Arp 1992; 1993). These unusual organelles, which form a peripheral defense on all exposed surfaces of the worm, are part of an extensive suite of sulfide detoxification and tolerance mechanisms which enable the worm to flourish in a sulfide-rich environment.San Francisco State Univ,Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies,Tiburon,Ca 94920 ; William Paterson Coll New Jersey,Dept Biol,Wayne,Nj 07470  Merry, K.J. 1966B;An evaluation of Elkhorn Slough as a shellfish growing area RLBureau of Sanitary Engineering, California State Department of Public Health12September, 1966 Report esf=I=Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalves, oysters, aquaculture, mericulture, water quality, pollution, monitoringIn May 1966, the Bureau of Sanitary Engineering conducted an investigation of Elkhorn SLough and the Moss Landing Harbor area. The bacteriological results form water samples taken in the shellfish growing area of Elkhorn Slough greatly exceeded the coliform standard of 70 MPN/100 ml which has been established by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. Cognisant of the possibility that the oysters being cultured in the slough might pose a public health threat to consumers, the Bureau undertook further study of the area in August and September, prior to the start of the fall harvesting. This report presents the finding of that study.y Aarons1949ABA Consultants1989ABA Consultants1989ABA Consultants1990ABA Consultants1990Ackerman1971 Adams1969  Adams1971 Addicott1952  Agee1986 Alberte1991k Alberte1992  Alberte1993  Alberte1994 Alberte1994 Alessi1967 Ali1984 Allen1976h Allen1982 Allen1992: Ambrose1977; Ambrose1979 Ambrose1991 Ambrose1996 Ambrose??Anderson1987Anderson1988Anderson1988Anderson19969Anderson1997 Andres1966Andresen1972: Antrim19777 Antrim19797; Antrim19797 Antrim1981 Antrim19911 Antrim19966 Antrim??? Appiah1977hArmbrust19828 Arnal1972 Arp1992 Arp1992 Arp1992c Arp1993 Arp1993 Arp1995 Arp1996 Arp1998 Arp19983,Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments1990 Baba19666W Baldridge1980 Baltz1979 Bane20012 Barendregt1948 Barrett1963 Barry1981 Barry1983 Barry1991 Barry1996 Barry??  Beal1992! Beau1981 Becker1988" Beeman1969# Beeman1970$ Beeman1970% Beeman1970F Belknap1986i Bennett1985& Benson1994gBidstrup1994 Blake1985' Blankinship1993(Bodovitz1977| Bok1977 Bowes1984)Brantner2001Brantner2001 Breda1988 Bridgewater1967* Briggs1968+ Briggs1968,Broenkow1972Broenkow1975-Broenkow1977.Broenkow1977Broenkow1977/Broenkow1994 Brown19840 Brown19921Browning19722Buchanan19903 Byers19994 Byers20005 Byrnes1990Cabello-Pasini19946 Caffrey19967 Caffrey19978 Caffrey1997 Caffrey19979 Caffrey1998Cailliet1975:Cailliet1977Cailliet1977;Cailliet1979[Cailliet1980Cailliet1981Cailliet1988Cailliet1988<Cailliet1990Cailliet1990Cailliet19911=Cailliet1992>Cailliet1992?Cailliet1992Cailliet1992Cailliet1992Cailliet19922Cailliet19966@Cailliet1998 Cailliet???A/)California Bureau of Sanitary Engineering1952B#California Coastal Commission1977C-&California Department of Fish and Game1979T-&California Department of Fish and Game1979 -&California Department of Fish and Game19795D-&California Department of Fish and Game19835E'%California Department of Public WorksF-'California Department of Transportation1980-'California Deptartment of Fish and Game1978AKECalifornia Regional Water Quality Control Board--Central Coast Region1952G'!California State Lands Commission1978JCampbell19899HCanright1999 Cermak19788 Chapman1978I Cheiker1949J Chen1993K Ciandro1994L Clark1972M Clark1973N Clark1975h Coale1982 Coale1984O Cochran1999PCogswell1949 Cohen1971 Cohen1984Q Colbert1991A Collins1994RCommerce1987S Connors1996T Cooper1979Courtney1991UCrampton1994 Crane1980VCrawford Multari & Starr1994tV-&Creative Environment Conservation Inc.1994 Culley20000h Cutter19828 Dalia1998W Davis19803de Lappe19808 De Vogelaere19937 De Vogelaere19978 De Vogelaere1997M De Vogelaere1997 De Vogelaere1997X De Vogelaere1998Y DeMars1980Dempster1952kDetomaso1992 deVlaming19979 DeVogelaere1998Z Dickert1980[ Dickert1980\ Dickert1981] Dickert1985^ Dickert1986_ Dietz1988` Dodd1984a Dondero1984 Doyle1969b Duffy2000i Eastman1985c Eaton1993d EDAW1978e Eissinger1969f Eissinger1970gElkhorn Slough Clam Bedsh;5Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary Advisory Committee1985i92Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve1994l Elston1988 Emery1967 Emmett1990j Emmett1991 Emmett1992 Englund1997v Epel19929w Epel19939y Epel19959z Epel19959{ Epel19969 Epel19999ESCA-Tech Corporation1974 Eufemia1999' Evans1993k Fain1992 Fain1994l Farley1988Y Farrel1980h Faurot19828mFeinholz19980 Felton19941L Fergusson1991n Finn1992 Finn199613Firestone-Gillis1980o Fleck1988p Fleck1991p Fong19919q Forlano1990r Forlano1990[ Foster19808= Foundation2002s Fritchman1948t Frost1990Fukayama1988 Fung19666uGaligher1925v Gamman1973w Gamman19746 Gamman19746B V  Meyer, T. 1993& Elkhorn Slough vegetation survey21 Unpublished Student Report esfP`YElkhorn Slough, agriculture, plants, terrestrial, marsh, ecology, monitoring, restorationzsThis report characterizes vegetation at the following sites: 1) two abandoned fields located on the Bloome Ranch 2) two pocket marshes located at the base of each field on the Azevedo Ranch property Results: Abandoned Fields: Field 1 has been abandoned for one year longer than Field 2, and already Field 1 has much more structural diversity. Field 2 is dominated by one species, E. botrys. Pocket Marshes: Areas where strawberries had been planted were flooded due to intense rain. In these flooded areas, Salicornia virginica and Atriplex have recruited and seem to be overgrowing the stawberries that survived the floods.  Meyers, M. 19944-The Elkhorn Slough: In danger of disappearing Moss Landing Middle School20 Unpublished Student Report esfRD>Elkhorn Slough, estuary, tidal scour, erosion, coastal geologyThis a report my a middle school student that discusses the marsh lands, the history of the slough, the current speeds in the slough, tidal scour and erosion. She also discusses her solution to the erosion problem which is a corrogated steel underwater dam. f`Middlebrook, S.F. Witt, H.R. Alessi, C.F. Merry, K.J. Lim, J. Bridgewater, B. Trice, K. Kirk, H. 1967Sanitary engineering investigation of quality of water and shellfish in the estuary system at Moss Landing, Monterey County, California} ngBureau of Sanitary Engineering, California State Department of Public Health, Health and Welfare Agencyl65Technical Report esflIg60water quality, shellfish contamination, human health; Invertebrata; aquatic toxicology, Elkhorn Slough, clam, pesticide, coliform, fecal coliform, standard plate count, mub-flats, commercial fishing, sport fishing, estuary, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, BOD, settleable solids, suspended solidsThe following report covers water and shellfish quality in the estuary system at Moss Landing. The area covered by the study is developing rapidly and is destined to become one for the large industrial and research areas of Monterey County, in addition to its obvious recreational potential. This report provides a comprehensive, detailed tabulation of the bacterial quality of the total estuary system, and delineates present sources of pollution and contamination. Specifically this report's objective's were to: 1) determine the bacterial quality of shellfish growing in the estuary 2) determine the bacterial quality of water in the estuary and its tributaries 3) investigate protential causes or sources of contamination and / or pollution 4) describe the general nature of water quality and bottom mud conditions during the period of investigation 5) Make recommendations for eliminating contamination and/or pollutionmultiple copies (2)b&Minier, C. Eufemia, N. Epel, D.r 1999XQThe multi-xenobiotic resistance phenotype as a tool to biomonitor the environment2 Biomarkers4;6o442-454e not at UCSC0C0ngEnvironmental monitoring, toxicology, pollution assessment, biochemistry, Multi-Xenobiotic Resistance Phenotype, Biomonitoring Tool, Transport Mechanism, P-Glycoprotein, Drug Resistance, Mxr, Biomarker, Invertebrata, Mollusca, Bivalve, Mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis,Urechis caupo Embryos, Elkhorn Slough, DNA Topoisomerase-Ii, Multixenobiotic Resistance0ztOrganisms use a variety of cellular mechanisms to avoid the effects of toxins. These strategies include de-toxification of putative toxins, sequestration of the toxins or the utilization of transport mechanisms to actually prevent the entry and accumulation of toxins in the cells. These toxin avoidance mechanisms, which presumably evolved in response to natural toxins, can also be used to counter the effects of anthropogenic compounds introduced into the environment by the activities of our modern society. In this article we discuss (1) the use of transport mechanism strategies to protect against toxins and (2) the possible use of these mechanisms as biomarkers indicative of exposure to man-made toxins. We will first review the characteristics of these transport mechanisms, including their biology genetics and molecular properties and then discuss their use as biomarkers. :3Monaco, M.E. Nelsen, D.M. Emmett, R.L. Hinton, S.A. 1990nhDistribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in West Coast estuaries, Volume I: Data summaries Rockville, MD. ,%Strategic Assessment Branch, NOAA/NOS  240C ELMR Rep.l No. 4e esf FrInvertebrates, fish, Tomales Bay, San Francisco Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Morro Bay, Washington, Oregon, northern California, southern California, baseline characterization, elasmobranches, crabs, bivalves, shrimp, ecology, estuarine, managementThis report ois the first of two volumes that present information on the spatial and temporal distribution, relative abundance, and life history characteristics of 47 fish and invertebrate species in 32 estuaries along the contiguous West Coast of the U.S. Its purpose is to disseminate data developed in NOAA's ELMR project. ELMR is a joint study by NOAA's NOS and NMFS. The study framework, sample data sheet, and species life history profile presented are illustrative of the nationwide ELMR project. Many of the selected species are either commercially or recreationally important; species of ecological value or indicators of environmental stress were also chosen. Eight races of Pacific salmon from two species were also chosen.,%Monaco, M.E. Lowry, T.A. Emmett, R.L. 1992TMAssemblages of U. S. west coast estuaries based on the distribution of fisheseJournal of Biogeographys193s251-267 esf4F estuaries, estuarine fishes, principal component analysis, stepwise multiple regression analysis, U.S. west coast, estuarine habitat, vertebrates, environmental biology, ecology, fish, distribution, abundance, biodiversity, Elkhorn SloughtmPrincipal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on a data matrix representing presence or absence of 360 adult and juvenile fish species in 28 estuaries ranging from Puget Sound, WA to Tijuana, CA. The data matrix included published and unpublished information for each species/estuary combination and consultation with local fishery experts on specific estuaries. The PCA identified six estuarine components that explained 72% of the variation in the data: 1) Northern Riverine Group; 2) Southern California Group; 3) Northern Estuarine Group; 4) Central Marine Group; 5) Fjord Group; and 6) Coastal Northwest Group. Species assemblages for each estuarine group were identified and used as surrogate habitat indicators to compare and contrast groups of estuaries. Stepwise multiple regressions of estuarine physical characteristics identified estuary mouth depth and area of the seawater zone as significant predictors of the number of fish species per estuary. These estuarine physical parameters appear to influence access and diversity of estuarine habitats and ultimately the number of fish species occurring within an estuary.dbB@h >8Monterey County Overall Economic Development Commission, 1991HBOverall economic development program report and program projection Monterey County, CAs F@Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce 138 Annual Reportu esftMoMonterey County, Elkhorn Slough, economic development, employment, environmental issues, resource protection, agriculture, tourism, military, business, real estate, government, education, fishing\|uThis report includes a description of the organization of the OEDC, a report of past year's activities in economic and community development, a sector by sector description of the local economy, a review of new potentials and problems in the area, and a description of the OEDC's strategy for promoting economic development in the County. This report also contains an update to the present state of environmental constraints affecting economic development in Monterey County. A survey of the various environmental impact areas has been included illustrating the relationship between resource protection and economic development.  Moore, Ken C. 1989,&Elkhorn Slough Reserve Management Plan *$California Department of Fish & GameM.0*Elkhorn Slough; management; estuary; marshHopkins: QH76.5 .C2 M66 2+Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, WAC Corp, 1987&Elkhorn Slough area, California Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories42 aerial photographs :eScale 1:12,000.RElkhorn Slough (Calif) Aerial photographs. Monterey County (Calif) Aerial photographs. Santa Cruz County (Calif.) Aerial photographs.Flight symbol: 87-4960. Flown by Western Aerial Photos. Includes index. Vertical image. Color infra-red prints; stereo overlap. 1987-a. Mountjoy, Daniel C.t 1993pjFarming practices survey and outreach recommendations for the Elkhorn Slough Water Quality Management Plan  Marina, CA :4Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments (AMBAG)50 Final Report esfMSoil conservation, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Water quality management, sociology, farming practices, ethnicity, agriculture, policy, resource management, land use, agriculture$The most important conclusion of this study should be the recognition of the need for different approaches to work with different groups of farmers. When I began this project I was aware of the ethnic distinctions within the industry but expected to find other variations which would cut across ethnicity such as farm size or income. The high correlation between ethnicity and a variety of farm and grower characteristics highlighted the importanc of ethnic social communtiies in creating and maintaining distictive farming practices. Agency personnel that have worked in this region recognize that ethnic differences exist among their consituents but social and political ediquette constrained agencies from treating them differently. Institutional biases may have inadvertently accentuated the differeces between the ethnic farming groups by underserving particular growers. The results of this survey make it very clear that variation does exist. If regional environmental water quaility objective are to be achieved, the role of each grower communioty must be considered and addressed appropriately. Generic policy options will be ineffective and will waste scarce financial resources. targeting of efforts to the relevant populations will achieve more effective results in a shorter time as less cost.*$also have a copy of the draft report  Mulcock, J. 1991\Distribution of snowy egrets (Egretta thula) on a mudflat area of Elkhorn Slough, California  +  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories10 Unpublished Student Report esfiB.Elkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, Chordates, birds, egrets, marine, estuarine, shallow subtidal, intertidal, ecology, foraging, habitat qualityThe objective of this research was to count the numbers of Snowy Egrets in a tidal mud-flat region of Elkhorn Slough during varying tides and determine the effects of tide on Snowy Egret distribution. I found that the number of Snowy Egrets foraging during high and low tide was not significantly different. Some areas appeared to be better for foraging habitat at low tide and other areas appeared to better foraging habitat at high tide.Munson, Delane Alan 1976An analysis of some of the factors affecting the distribution of the metazoan fauna in a California estuarine sulfide ecosystemo(!Department of Biological Sciences  Palo Alto, CA 2+Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University  288iPh.D. Dissertationsp esfpRaSalt marsh, ecology, California, Elkhorn Slough, Estuarine ecology, Biogeography, Invertebrates, topography, water movement, sulfide concentration, density, sediment characteristics N/A$Table of contents and Figures Musselman, J.F.. 1985RKSanitary survey of shellfish waters, Elkhorn Slough, California, March 1985 |uRegion IX Shellfish Specialist, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Department of Health and Human Services32 Report esf I, MElkhorn Slough, invertebrates, shellfish, molluscs, water quality, pollution, risk assessment, fecal coliform, temperature, salinity, aquaculture, invertebrates}All areas of Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough failed to meet the recommendations of the NSSP during the survey for designation as "Approved" or "Conditionally Approved" for shellfish harvesting. Designated mariculture lease areas in Elkhorn Slough (Stations 10 through 19) met the recommendations of the NSSP during the survey for designation as "Conditionally Restricted" for shellfish harvesting for controlled purification of the shellfish. This designation would require definition of the duration of closure to harvesting following significant rainfall events. The designation "Restricted" could also be used if shellfish were relayed to "Approved" waters per NSSP recommendations for relay. Pollution abatement measures subsequent to this survey may result in significant water quality improvements in the harbor and slough with resultant potential for upgrading the shellfish classification in the future. Upgrading to "Approved" status for Elkhorn Slough is highly unlikely so long as numerous nonpoint pollution sources remain on the watershed and the power plant cooling system continues to transport harbor water into the slough.l *$Nerney, L. Lindquist, D. Leopold, B. 1993A temporal comparison of fish abundances and composition in the restoration site of the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories34 Unpublished Student Report esfeFevpVertebrates, Chordates, fishes, Elkhorn Slough, restoration, erosion, habitat alteration, marsh, marine, ecologyThe Elkhorn Slough NERR includes a restored marsh area which was opened to tidal action in 1983. There had been several studies to characterize the fish assemblages present in 1983, 1984, and 1985. Since this time, there has been significant erosion by tidal scour which has resultedin the deepening of the main channel of the restored marsh. This change in the physical habitat has caused the fish assemblage to take on characteristics similar to the deeper main channel of Elkhorn Slough. It has made the current asemblage more diverse and evenly distributed. The change in habitat also may be responsible for the differences in observed frequencies of Paralichthys californicus and Leptocottus armatus in trawls of the main channel. Concurrent seine studies have shown a larger and more diverse assemblage that has dispersed to utilize the entire shallow finger channel habitat since previous studies.82multiple copies (2); two copies don't have figures:n~Neuman, K. Hickey, C. 1993f`The ecology and distribution of waterbirds in three pocket marshes in Elkhorn Slough, California*#Department of Environmental Studies Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz43 Senior Thesis esfBVertebrates, birds, Elkhorn Slough, shorebirds, marine, estuarine, pocket marsh, ecology, natural history, distribution, abundance, habitat use, behavior, foraging, birdsDuring the winter of 1992-93, we documented habitat use, behavior, and abundance of herons and egrets (Ciconiiformes) and shorebirds (Charadriiformes) in three pocket marshes peripheral to Elkhorn Slough, a large estuary on the Central California coast. The pocket marshes support a diverse assemblage of species which, while fairly infrequent in the main slough, are relatively common in the marshes. The most common species (dowitchers, Limnodromus spp.; killdeer, Charadrius vociferus; yellowlegs, Tringa spp.; American Avocets, Recurvirostra americana; Black-necked stilts, Himantopus himatopus; Willets, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus; Great egret,Casmerodius albus; and Snowy Egret, Egretta thula) primarily used three habitat types: mudflat, pickleweed, and open water. For these species, our data showed the following trends: a) species richness and abundance tend to increase with tide; b) seasonal wather patterns influenced abundance and species composition over winter; c) the behavior and habitat selection of all study species except one, were not influenced by tide; d) waterfowl abundance increased throughout winter; and e) in an inter-marsh comparison, the largest, most habitat-diverse marsh supported more species and more individuals, while the smallest, most homogenous marsh supported the least number of species and individuals. Due to delayed, reduced tidal flushing and topographically diverse habitat, the pocket marshes may represent a unique habitat for marsh dwelling species. Newman, J. Tjeerdema, R. 1994Environmental chemistry, quality assurance and data report for soil and sediment samples collected for the agriculture and wetlands project in Elkhorn Slough, California= VPPrepared for Matthew Werner, Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems22 Report esf C, Mf_Elkhorn Slough, sediment, terrestrial, soil, wetlands, marsh, agriculture, pesticide, pollution\This report contains: 1) Chemistry Analysis - Introduction and Methods 2) Chemistry Analysis - Summary and Results of Quality Assurance 3) Chemistry Analysis - Chlorinated pesticide data .' Office of Coastal Zone Management NOAAnxrAttachment to the final environmental impact statement prepared on the proposed Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary Washington, DC ,&NOAA Office of Coastal Zone Management esf=M=B8UCSC Science Maps CD: C 55.54:SA 5 F/CD Library Use OnlyMoCoast changes, California, San Francisco Bay Area, Coastal ecology, Elkhorn Slough, Maps Digital Raster Vector, Geographic information systems dataiDisc provides an interface to view coastal resource information about San Francisco Bay Region in California. It integrates satellite-derived land cover data with other map data layers in one, easy-to-use, file.ySystem requirements: PC, Macintosh or UNIX computer capable of running web browser that is HTML 2.0 compliant, with CD-ROM drive that is 4X or faster. Contains various GIS databases. Customized ESRI ArcView and ArcExplorer project files are also included.= Norris, J.N. 1970^XStudies on the taxonomy and distribution of some ulvales from Elkhorn Slough, California San Francisco, CAa "San Francisco State Collegei 102o M.A. Thesis esfPElkhorn Slough, green algae, marine, estuarine, marsh, benthic, ecology, distribution, morphology, natural history, environmental gradient, salinity, plants.(Toxonomic and morphological studies of 10 species of green algae belonging to the order Ulvales were made from the ecologically interesting brackish-water Elkhorn Slough in northern Monterey County, central California. Stations were set up at 10 points, showing varying salinity and temperature, and collections of algae were made for a period of 10 months at 3-week intervals. None of the algae studied occurred at all 10 stations, but the two species of Ulva studied occurred only on the ocean or more saline portions; one species on Enteromorpha (E. linza) occurred in these saline portions also. In all stations that were not open to the ocean, the dominant species was Enteromorpha clathrata and its two varieties; on mud flats and in channels with water of high salinity and great tidal fluctuation the commonest species was Enteromorpha prolifera. Enteromorpha flexuosa from one station and Monostroma oxyspermum from two stations were found in lower saline water. Regardless of salinity and temperature, Blidingia minima var. subsalsa occurred wherever there were beds of Salicornia viginica (a flowering plant) at the high tide line. Although fairly commonly found wherever the host grew at high tide line, this algae is reported from California for the first time. Enteromorpha compressa and E. intestinalis, probably the most widespread species in this genus, were found in abundance at stations with salinity similar to that of the open sea. Other species in the genus were found in more specific locations, such as sheltered areas where Enteromorpha linza grew.  Norris, T. 1991{Distribution and Abundance of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) During Diurnal High and Low Tides in Elkhorn Slough, California  , :  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories18 Unpublished Student Report esfVeVertebrates, mammals, harbor seal, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine, mudflats, haulout, ecology, marine mammals, natural history, distribution, abundance, tidal fluctuations, foraging2,The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine if individuals exhibit area fidelity; 2) to determine if harbor seals are more abundant on different haulout sites; 3) to determine if individuals exhibit haulout site fidelity; and 4) to determine if there is an effect of tide on harbor seal abundance in different areas. Results indicate that use of different areas by radio-tagged harbor seal was not affected by tides. Results of comparisons between counts for different areas suggest that tagged seals may be using areas 1, 2, and 3 unequally Individuals tagged seals seemed to prefer certain haul-out sites and areas. preliminary data from a study examining feeding habits of harbor seals using scat samples indicate that during fall months and winter months, harbor seals are feeding offshore at night.2,$tj Nybakken, J. 1971TReproductive cycle and growth rates of Tresus nuttalli in Elkhorn Slough, California ' 6 D=Second National Coastal and Shallow Water Research Conferencen >8University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, CA 171 Abstract Volumen esfIsInvertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Elkhorn Slough, clam, benthic, estuary, ecology, reproduction, seasonality, growth rate, juvenilevpTresus nuttalli is an important clam in Elkhorn Slough where it receives considerable fishery pressure from sportsmen. This species remains, however, relatively unknown ecologically. The present study is divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the elucidation of the spawning cycle. In this phase of the study samples of 20 adult clams are taken each month and sacrificed for gonad sectioning. Observation of the gonad sections under the microscope is used to establish the stage of reproductive readiness and the approximate time of spawning. Results from a year and a half of this phase of the project indicates that T. nuttalli breeds at a low level almost all year but has two main peaks in the spawning cycle, one in winter and one in the spring. Small clams may be found year round. The second phase of the study is concerned with the determination of the growth rate of the juvenile clams (those from 4-30 mm in shell length). This aspect of the study has been most successfully approached through the placing of measured, marked juveniles in containers, returning them to the slough, retrieving the container after 2 months and remeasuring the clams. The few data thus far available from this study suggest that the growth rate of the juveniles is very rapid, approaching 0.25 mm in shell length per day, for those clams in the size range of 4-20 mm in shell length. F@Nybakken, James Willard Cailliet, Gregor M. Broenkow, William W. 1975F?A baseline study of the Moss Landing/Elkhorn Slough environmentc Moss Landing, CA.. RLMoss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State Universities and Colleges 219lProgress Report  esfaRaMarine ecology, California, Monterey Bay, invertebrates, vertebrates, physical oceanography, Natural resources, Moss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, baseline characterization, estuarine, marine, fish, zooplankton, benthic invertebratesVOIn July, 1974 we began a baseline study of the Moss Landing-Elkhorn Slough marine environment for PG&E as mandated by the Coastal Commission. This report consititutes results of the first year's program. It is divided into three sections, oceanography, benthic invertebrate ecology, and fish and zooplankton ecology. This is a preliminary account. Data presented here are mainly in tabular or graphic form such that they are retrievable from the report without referring to the original data sheets. Although this report appears voluminous, it represents only a fraction of the data thus far collected. From our preliminary working wiht the data, we have found Elkhorn Slough and environs to be an exceedingly complex system in which there are strong temporal and spatial changes and thus far we have barely gained an understanding of the system. JDNybakken, James Willard Cailliet, Gregor M. Broenkow, William Walter 1977}Ecologic and hydrographic studies of Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor and nearshore coastal waters, July 1974 to June 1976e Moss Landing, CA.= & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 465 sp("UCSC Science Stacks: QH541.5.S3N87WaMarine invertebrates, California, Monterey Bay, Estuarine ecology, Chemical oceanography, Estuarine oceanography, Benthos, Elkhorn Slough, hydrography & Nybakken, J. Oliver, J. Jong, C. 1982PJThe ecology of intertidal flats of central California: A community profile  Slidell, LAr JCThe National Coastal Ecosystem Team, U.S. Fish and Wildlike Service= 146 Report esf}RElkhorn Slough, estuaries, central California, marine, baseline characterization, biogeography, oceanography, microorganisms, invertebrates, fish, birds, disturbanceXRThis community profile represents the first in this series to deal with the intertidal soft sediment habitats of "flats" , of the Pacific coast of North America. The area of concern in this report is central California, a region which we have arbitrarily established as bounded on the south by Morro Bay and on the North by Bodega Harbor Bay. The purpose of this community profile is to provide an overview of physical conditions acting on intertidal flats, the ecological relationships among the organisms associated with these areas, and the impact of these flats on adjacent habitats. Ch 1 outlines the general oceanographic climate, and physical features of central California. The tidal flats are categorized into groups, and contrasts made between their features and those of the east coast. The next four chapters discuss the organisms inhabiting tidal flats, beginning with the autotrophs and other microorganisms and continuing through macro-invertebrates, fishes, and birds. The last chapter details the problems produced by human and natural perturbations and summarizes the prededing chapters.multiple copies (2)a Nystrom, Daniel 1950,%A description of some anomuran larvaes Bodega Marine Laboratory10 Unpublished Student ReportI\NHElkhorn Slough; Callianassa; Invertebrates; Arthropoda; Crustacea; crabs$want abstract RKOffice of Coastal Zone Management, California Deptartment of Fish and Game,m 1978|Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary: Proposed Estuarine Sanctuary Grant Award for Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California Washington, D.C. RLU.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration92*$Draft Environmental Impact Statement esfMsEstuaries, California, Estuarine area conservation, Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary, resource management, Environmental Impact Statement, marine reserve, conservation, research, educationThis report discusses Elkhorn Slough management, environmental impacts (air, land and water quality), human use and resources. It outlines the affected environments and proposes a management plan for the Sanctuary. ("Office of Coastal Zone Management, 1979xrAttachment to the final environmental impact statement prepared on the proposed Elkhorn Slough estuarine sanctuary0*Compendum of comments received in the DEIS NOAA 331yM:3Elkhorn Slough; management; human impact; Estuariess W}j `\Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, coastal, oil spill, environmental impact, human impactElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Moss Landing Harbor, Enzymology, biochemistry, Marine ecology, Pollution assessment control and management, Soil science, Toxicology, conservation, Flatfish, Citharichthys stigmaeus, Fish, Oxidase, Freshwater pollution, MarElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Moss Landing Harbor, Pollution assessment control and management, Soil science, aquatic Toxicology, Crassostrea gigas (Pelecypoda), Mytilus smaragdinus (Pelecypoda), Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, DDT, Biphenyls, PhthaliElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Vertebrates, Chordates, fishes, sharks, elasmobranches, marine, estuary, pelagic, demersal, physiology, biochemistry, contaminants, pollution, pesticidesElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Vertebrates, Chordates, fishes, sharks, elasmobranchs, marine, estuary, pelagic, demersal, physiology, biochemistry, contaminants, pollution, pesticideElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Vertebrates, Chordates, fishes, sharks, elasmobranchs, marine, estuary, pelagic, demersal, physiology, biochemistry, contaminants, pollution, pesticidesElkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, Monterey Bay, water quality, thermal pollution, human impact, power plant, resource management`Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, Vertebrates, Chordates, fishes, Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, eelgrass, Zostera marina, red algae, Gracilaria, reproduction, estuary, marine, reproduction, animal, plant, ecologyElkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalves, oysters, aquaculture, mericulture, water quality, pollution, monitoringTOElkhorn Slough, NERR, water quality, estuarine, monitoring, resource managementlhElkhorn Slough, oceanography, estuary, sediment transport, particulate size, currents, tides, depositionElkhorn Slough, Pajaro River, Kirby Park, Moss Landing Harbor, Monterey Bay, California, Fish, inshore fishes, trace metals, contaminants, pollutants, aquatic toxicology, chemistry, shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata, leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciElkhorn Slough, Pinnixa franciscana, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer gracilis, Pinnixa weymouthi, Pachygrapsus crassipes, Crustaceans, Invertebrates, Spawning Ground, Larvae, Larval Ecology, distribution, planktonic, crabs, marineElkhorn Slough, plantElkhorn Slough, plantsnY}Elkhorn Slough, plants, animals, salt marsh plants, invertebrates, mud flats, benthic, ecology, natural history, conservationlfElkhorn Slough, plants, pickleweed, salt marsh, Salicornia, intertidal, estuary, ecology, conservationElkhorn Slough, plants, salt marsh, eel grass, pickleweed, estuarine, seawater, freshwater, benthic habitat, hydrology, coastal geology, erosion, human impact, sedimentationElkhorn Slough, plants, saltmarsh, terrestrial, grassland, pasture, wooded slope, baseline characterization, management, surveyElkhorn Slough, plants, terrestrial, agricultural practices, erosion, run off, pesticides, pollution, sedimentation, resource management,Elkhorn Slough, Reproductive System, Physiology and Biochemistry, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Ecology, Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Ciliary ActionTQElkhorn Slough, resource management, Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary,liElkhorn Slough, review, evaluation, sanctuary, impacts, Monterey Bay, living resources, human activitieswnG:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :Arial"1hcc;d3d+h ! J Oliver, J.S. Mayer, M.A.nhMonitoring Plant Colonization and Establishing Rare Plants in a New Salt Marsh on Elkhorn Slough Reserve35Unpublished Manuscript esf PElkhorn Slough Research Reserve, Plants, Recruitment, Jaumea, Elkhorn Slough, salt marsh, zonation, disturbance, Salicornia, dodder, competition, succession, colonization, pickleweed, estuary, benthic, intertidal, ecologyTwo distinct plant zones occurred in the salt marshes of Elkhorn Slough. The broad, flat Salicornia zone extended from the lowest salt marsh elevations (~1.3 m above MLLW) to the strand line where drifting wrack debris was frequently deposited at high tides (1.7-1.9 m). Salicornia virginica often accounted for over 90% of the plant cover in this zone. The largest, continuous patches of other common salt marsh species occurred in the upper zone above the strand line (Jaumea carnosa, Frankenia grandifolia, and Distichlis spicata) or within the strand line (Atriplex patula) in established marshes. The upper marsh species were not excluded from the Salicornia zone by physical and chemical conditions. Quantitative observations, transplant experiments and canopy removal experiments showed that upper zone species produced flowers, grew and invaded open space (canopy gaps) by vegetative growth equally well in the Salicornia zone and the upper zone. The rapid recruitment and growth of Salicornia preempted space and prevented the colonization of annual and other perenial species. Salt marsh zonation was established during the initial invasion or colonization of a new, human-made shoreline habitat. Salicornia was the only perennial species to invade the Salicornia zone with large numbers of seedlings, developing a dense canopy with greater than 70% cover within three years throughout the new marsh. The dense canopy prevented over 99% of the sunlight from reaching the sediment in established marshes. When upper zone species and Salicornia co-occurred, they maintained competitive stand-offs for many years in the slough. On the other hand, reciprocal weeding experiments showed that Salicornia significantly reduced the cover of an annual species, Spergularia marina, after only two years during the colonization of the new marsh. Upper zone species invaded the Salicornia zone when the Salicornia canopy was destroyed by wrack deposition and less frequently by parasite infestation. Woody plant debris and drifing macroalgae were regularly deposited in the narrow (usually 1-2 m wide) strand line near the highest tide (1.7-1.9 m above MLLW) and less frequently below the strand line in the Salicornia zone. Wrack disturbance opened gaps in the dense Salicornia canopy, provided a germination substrate and probably contained many seeds. Atriplex colonized wrack deposits throughout the marsh, but did not persist if wrack disturbance was infrequent. As a result, Atriplex characterized the strand line, but disappeared within several years from isolated wrack patches within the Salicornia zone as the dense Salicornia canopy reformed. Although perennial species (except Salicornia) did not colonize the observed wrack deposits, the existing patches of Jaumea and Frankenia within the Salicornia zone were disproportionately abundant in subhabitats where the frequency of wrack deposition was greatest (e.g., channel and creek edges, pannes, dikes). The size and shape of these perennial patches was also similar to the size and shape of wrack patches. Therefore, wrack disturbance may account for much of the mosaic of plant patches within the Salicornia zone. Parasitic infestation of dodder (Cuscuta salina) also produced gaps in the Salicornia canopy that were colonized by annual species which persisted for several years until the Salicornia canopy reformed. Since perennial species such as Jaumea grew into gaps faster than Salicornia, these species could eventually replace Salicornia if dodder or wrack disturbance was frequent. However, canopy disturbance was infrequent in the Salicornia zone and Salicornia usually invaded gaps before other species because it's seeds germinated lowest in the marsh and because it covered most of the Salicornia zone and thus surrounded most gaps. Wrack disturbance surely produced much more extensive and complex plant mosaics in the past when the deposition of wrack debris was more frequent and widespread.multiple copies (2) 81Oliver, J.S. King, J. Hornberger, M. Schwartz, D.Erosion of wetland habitats by increasing tidal currents from harbor construction and breaching dikes in Elkhorn Slough, California `ZNational Estuarine Research Reserve, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration23Fianl Draft Report esf W, MrlElkhorn Slough, hydrology, human impact, erosion, coastal geology, sediment, tidal creeks, salt marsh, dikesUnlike most wetlands along the west coast of North America, Elkhorn Slough is eroding at high rates because of anthropogenic manipulations of the watershed. The most extensive erosion was caused by the construction of Moss Landing Harbor and the maintenance of the harbor entrance at the slough's mouth since 1947. The pre-harbor slough was a shallow estuarine embayment with mild tidal currents and no intertidal flats. The harbor opening exposed large areas of intertidal mudflats. It scoured the slough with strong tidal curretns (max of 71 cm/sec) eroding every major sedimentary habitat. The deepest part of the main channel increased from less than 7 m in width to 125 m, and from about 1 m in depth to 7 m. Tidal creeks in the marsh increased in width an average of 72% from 1931 to 1980 (N=4), when the cover of salt marsh plants (mostly Salicornia virginica) decreased from an average of 92% to 69% (N=9). The edges of mudflats and salt marsh eroded into the main channel; and dikes and upland habitats were undercut. Rates of erosion increased during the 1980's with the breakage of dikes surrounding five former wetlands (pastures and salt ponds). The diked areas added 2.8 km2 of new wetlands to the slough, and increased the total volume of water by approximately 80%. Tidal creeks draining natural marshes increased in size by an average of 18% (N=4) from 1980 to 1987 (40 cm/yr); and increased 74% (N=3) in creeks draining habitats with broken dikes (186 cm/yr). During the same time, the cover of vegetated salt marsh decreased by 8% (N=8). The rate of wetland loss (increase in tide creek width and decrease in plant cover) from 1980 to 1987 was significantly greater than the rate from 1931 to 1980. Dike breakage was a planned and unplanned strategy for restoring salt marshes, which unfortunately accelerated habitat loss. Changes in biological communities related to erosion were equally dramatic. Extensive eel grass habitat was eroded; freshwater vegetation and anadromous fishes disappeared; and native bird, fish and invertebrate communities were replaced by more marine assemblages. Although wetland erosion in the slough is as high as rates measured from the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, the ecological changes in the slough may be much greater.multiple copies (2) N 5 d#anthropogenic disturbances, Elkhorn Slough NERR, grazing, invasion, Salicornia virginica, trampling, plant, terrestrial, saltmarsh, estuary, ecology, human impactAquatic animalsaquatic toxicology, Elkhorn Slough, clam, pesticide, coliform, fecal coliform, standard plate count, mub-flats, commercial fishing, sport fishing, estuary, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, BOD, settleable solids, suspended solidsTPaquatic toxicology, sediment chemistry, pollution, environmental impact, benthicArchaeological Data$ Archaeological Data, archaeology archaeology archaeology, Elkhorn SloughZ Arthropodates bacteriaaBacterial symbiontsmbacterioplanktonBatillaria attramentaria, exotic, Cerithidea californica, endemic, Gastropods, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Estuarine Ecology, Population Studies, Animal Behavior, Body Size, Climbing, Competition, Dispersal, Dispersal Rate, Emigration, Evolutionary HBatillaria, exotic, invasion, invertebrate, Elkhorn Slough, aquaculture, Batillaria, coexistence, competitive exclusion, conservation, Cerithidea, Crassostrea gigas, displacement, exploitative competition, grazers, impact, introduced species, invasions, beetlesod@:benthic invertebrates, benthic communities, Elkhorn Slough Bindingiobiodiversity,Elkhorn Slough, taxonomy,Monterey Bay, central California, review, marine, intertidal, estuarine, subtidal, benthic, pelagic, ecology, fish, invertebrates, algaebiological productionlgbiotic communities, marine ecology, California, Monterey Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Antarctica, McMurdo Soundtpbiotic communities, marine ecology, California, Monterey Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Antarctica, McMurdo Sound, benthicbirdslgbirds, brown pelicans, Elkhorn Slough, salt ponds, intertidal, ecology, human disturbance, conservationxubirds, brown pelicans, Elkhorn Slough, salt ponds, intertidal, ecology, human disturbance, conservation, human impactbirds, Elkhorn Slough`Zbirds, elkhorn Slough, feeding behavior, feeding ecology, predation, prey, benthic, marinejY4/birds, Elkhorn Slough, field guide, trail guidehebirds, Elkhorn Slough, Tembladero Slough, Monterey Bay area, clapper rail, biogeography, distribution|wbirds, rookery, great blue heron, great egrets, Elkhorn Slough, terrestrial, Eucalyptus grove, ecology, natural history Bivalvearzbivalves, mussels, invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, intertidal, benthic, ecology, growth rate, water motion Bivalviarbivalvia, invertebrates, Mollusca, clam, Tresus nuttali, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, mud flats, benthic, intertidal, ecology, spawning, reproduction, growth ratesTNBivalvia, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Enhydra lutris, predator-prey relationshipsBivalvia, Mollusca, Ecology, Invertebrates, Elkhorn Slough, clams, marine, benthic, biogeography, distribution, abundance, growth, natural history strategy which must have been used, in much the same manner, by their predecessors. In any case, utilization of shellfish as a food resource, probably supplementing an acorn-based diet, is part of a very long-lived subsistence adaptation in this area. Understanding ecological surroundings, and fluctuations in environmental regimes, presents a template for viewing former subsistence strategies. The present area ecology, geological history, and general trends in the ecological habitat can illustrate what resources were available for human subsistence utilization. People, then, have been viewed as a part of the ecological community. By looking at their remains in an archaeological capacity, we have examined the possibility of past fluctuations in local ecology -- specifically, changes in the hydrographic and habitat regimes of Elkhorn Slough -- and evaluated probable effects on local peoples. Although fluctuations in the ecology of Elkhorn Slough may have caused disturbance in the local population equilibrium of the people, no population upset could have been so drastic as that imposed on the natives by the Spanish, and later climaxed by the Anglo-Americans. Although, in many respects, this thesis has asked more questions than it has answered, an effort has been directed at shedding some light on one aspect of the lost Ohlone world -- subsistence strategy and how it was applied to changing ecosystems. The Ohlone of the Calendarruc tribelet, and others who may have utilized the resources of Elkhorn Slough, were somewhat buffered from the change in ecological regimes by the wealth of their overall environment, and by the fluidity of the resource utilization pattern. Had shellfish been a year-round "staple" in the diet, consequences may have been far more extreme.Patch, D. Jones, T.b 1984^WPaleoenvironmental change at Elkhorn Slough: implications for human adaptive strategiest82Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology6 19-34rM*#Elkhorn Slough; Archaeological Data  B;Oliver, J.S. Slattery, P.N. Hulberg, L. W. Nybakken, J. W. 1977Patterns of succession in benthic infaunal communities following dredging and dredge spoil disposal in Monterey Bay, California  Vicksburg, MSa b\Dredged Material Research Program, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station 186Techincal ReportD-77-27a esf  I, MInvertebrates, Marine biology, Dredged materials, Moss Landing Harbor, Elkhorn Slough, Environmental management, Disturbance, California, Sediments, Disturbances, Aquatic animals, Benthos, Ecosystems, Recovery, Invertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Annelida, Polychaeta, Larvae, Shallow water, Deep water, Time dependence, Sediment transport, Spoil, resource management, ecology, successionTMThis report deals with the patterns of benthic succession in soft-bottom marine communities. The primary study objective was to elucidate and evaluate the mechanisms that control these patterns. Benthic succession is the pattern of community recovery following a perturbation. Controlled perturbations of bottom communities were effected by the dredging of locations in Moss Landing Harbor and by the disposal of dredged material in Monterey Bay, Calif. The general pattern of succession was highly dependent upon the nature of the physical environment and the structure of surrounding communities. The open coast communities of Monterey Bay are numerically dominated by small crustaceans and polychaetes. Succession was divided into an early and a late phase. The early phase was characterized by the immigration of peracarid crustaceans and the settlement of the larvae of relatively opportunistic species of polychaetes. The latter have relatively short generation times, small size, low fecundity and high larval availability (frequency and abundance of larve in the water). These opportunistic are uncommon in the natural, undisturbed bottom community. The later phase of succession was characterized by the gradual reestablishment of the less mobile crustaceans and less opportunistic polychaetes that inhabited the areas prior to the experimental distrubances. It was concluded that the management of benthic marine resources and dredging operations should involve an analysis of the natural distrubance regime at a potential dredging or disposal site and its relation to the associated bottom communities.7multiple copies (2), Oliver, J.S. 1980Processes affecting the organization of marine soft-bottom communities in Monterey Bay, California and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica  San Diego, CA NHScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 300aPh.D. Dissertation I, Vvpbiotic communities, marine ecology, California, Monterey Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Antarctica, McMurdo Sound, benthicOliver, J.S. Jong, C. 1981\UPolychaete larval retention, flushing, and invasion in the Elkhorn Slough, California Estuaries43 278{sp esfdIlInvertebrates, Annelida, Polychaeta, larvae, zooplankton, recruitment, hydrography, benthic, larvae, biological settlement, Polychaeta, California, Monterey Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Brackish, ecology, hydrology6/Settlement of polychaete larvae into bottom collecting jars indicates a distinct back-lagoon assemblage which is retained by a relatively isolated water mass. The lagoon mouth is well mixed with water from the adjacent Monterey Bay. Another larval assemblage is found at the mouth, but it is frequently flushed into the Monterey Bay. Few strictly offshore species invade the lagoon. Larval settlement patterns usually correspond to bottom population abundances. Water masses of the back lagoon and mouth are characterized by different copepods and other settling invertebrate larvae. Finally, water-mass isolation and movement, larval availability, and population patterns can be manipulated in an experimental wetland to test ideas about larval dispersal and recruitment on a large and potentially realistic scale.tAbstract from conference Oliver, J.S. Reilly, M.E.\ 1981rlPatch formation and competition among the flowering plants of a salt-water marsh, Elkhorn Slough, California Estuaries43f 263 esf0P1salt marshes, vegetation cover, competition, Salicornia virginica, Jaumea carnosa, Frankenia grandifolia, California, Elkhorn Slough, Atriplex, Brackish, plant, ecology, community, growth rate, flower production, seeds, popultion dynamics, plantsThe lower salt-water marsh of Elkhorn Slough is dominated by Salicornia virginica , but two upland species, Jaunea carnosa and Frankenia grandifolia , occur in relatively small patches here. Their growth, flower production, and seed viability are similar in upland and lowland populations. These upland species are not restricted to high spots in the lower marsh. Patches are dispersed in a non-random pattern and are most frequent in areas that trap the woody wrack materials stranded by the tide. The wrack covers the dominant plant and provides a substrate for germination and growth. Another upland species, Atriplex spp., colonizes the wrack in late winter. Seed germination and seedling survival is significantly higher on the wrack compared to the surrounding Salicornia mat. Salicornia seedlings are most abundant in the higher part of the Salicornia zone, but seedlings of Jaumea, Frankenia, and Atriplex also are present. Experiments manipulating wrack and seedling occurrence in the lower marsh are in progress. Competitive release experiments will take more than two years to evaluate, but unvegetated areas are colonized more rapidly in the upland and Salicornia appears to be the dominant competitor of the lower zone.abstract from conference$Oliver, J. S. Slattery, P. N. 1981ZSCommunity complexity, succession, and resilience in marine soft-bottom environments Estuaries43 259 esfR<Invertebrates, Annelida, Polychaeta, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Elkhorn Slough, larvae, zooplankton, benthic, estuary, succession, life-history, ecology, population dynamics, subtidal, sandy beach Soft-bottom habitats were essentially defaunated to document patterns of community succession (recovery from disturbance). Variation in succession reflected changes in the composition of surrounding, undisturbed communities. Early and late polychaete and crustacean colonists had distinct life-history traits. Early polychaete colonists were small and had short generation times, generally low fecundity, high apparent larval availability, and high mortality rates. Early crustacean colonists were active swimmers and poor burrowers. Late colonists had the opposite traits of the corresponding early group. The rate of succession or community resilience was negative correlated with community complexity. These patterns persisted across many habitats: the haed of Monterey Submarine Canyon, several depths along a subtidal high-energy beach in Monterey Bay, the Elkhorn Slough, and oligotrophic and eutrophic Antarctic habitats. However, the time scale was dramatically extended at the cold polar latitude (-1.8 degree C; 77 degree S).Abstract from conference _5| \coastal wetlands, epibenthic productivity, marsh productivity, nursery grounds, organic matter, export, import, California, Elkhorn Slough, fishes, estuary, plants, ecology, baseline characterizationCoastal zone management, Water quality, Marine pollution, Pollution control, Erosion control, Agricultural runoff, Buffers, Vegetation cover, Cost analysis, USA, California, Elkhorn Slough, Brackish, Marine, cost/benefit analysis, economic valuation, ecXUCoasts, California, Aerial photographs, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, Monterey CountyXTCoasts, California, Aerial photographs, Elkhorn Slough,Moss Landing, Monterey Countycoliform, water quality assessment, Elkhorn Slough, aquatic toxicology, commercial fishery, oyster, shellfish, bivalves, sport fishing, waste disposal, fecal coliform, standard plate countcoliform, water quality assessment, Elkhorn Slough, aquatic toxicology, commercial fishery, oyster, shellfish, bivalves, sport fishing, waste disposal, fecal coliform, standard plate count,coliform, water quality assessment, Elkhorn Slough, aquatic toxicology, commercial fishery, oyster, shellfish, bivalves, sport fishing, waste disposal, fecal coliform, standard plate count, fishescommunity ecology, Elkhorn Slough, crabs, green algae, rocky intertidal, estuarine, invertebrates, grazing, caging experiment, benthic, marine conservationgConservation, Ecology, Genetics, Population genetics, Zostera marina, Angiosperms, Plants, California, Gene flow, Habitat disturbance, hypervariable minisatellite DNA, eelgrass, marine macrophyte, Elkhorn Slough , Tomales Bay, Del Monte Beach, marine, e constructioncrabs CrustaceaCrustaceans, Invertebrates, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Hemigrapsus nudus, Cancer magister, Host Preference, Behavioral Biology, Ecology, Parasitology, Nutrition,Crustaceans, Invertebrates, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Pachygrapsus crassipes, shore crabs, Substrate Type, Tidal Height, Interspecific Interaction, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuarine, benthicCrustaceans, Invertebrates, San Francisco, Elkhorn Slough, California, Caprella alaskana, Caprella mutica, Caprella acanthogaster humboltiensis, Caprella scaura, Estuary, Monterey Bay, Humboldt, Ecology, Comparative Anatomy, Animal Distribution, taxonom CymatogastergDevelopment, Ecology, reproduction, Systematics and taxonomy, Sterna caspia, Animals, Birds, USA, Mathematical model, Charadriiformes, Elkhorn Slough, California, Bolsa Chica, Huntington Beach, estuary docentn S EchiurabrEchiuroidea, Invertebrata, Animalia, Animals, Invertebrates, USA, Ph, Sediment, Sulfide, Oxygen, Concentration, Hematin, Salinity, Survival, Subterranean Bioresearch, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Biochemistry, Physics and Chemistry, Invertebrata, Com\WEcological assessment, California, Elkhorn Slough, Ecosystem management, Remote sensing ecologybrEcology, Freshwater, anthropology, Marine, Systematics, taxonomy, Osteichthyes, Pisces, Human, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Humans, Mammals, Nonhuman vertebrates, Primates, Vertebrates, Archaeology, Species distribution, Species diversity, Social Biology, Z՜.+,0D hp|  $ro  \Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve supports a wide variety of invertebrates Title   8  "Oliver, J.S. Schwartz, D.L. 1988hbPhotograph and map library for Elkhorn Slough Reserve: Erosion and sedimentation in Elkhorn Slough piElkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administrationu13 Final Report esfiMlElkhorn Slough, plants, salt marsh, eel grass, pickleweed, estuarine, seawater, freshwater, benthic habitat, hydrology, coastal geology, erosion, human impact, sedimentationlThe entrance to Moss Landing Harbor was opened at the mouth of the slough in 1947, exposing it to daily tidal scour. Extensive mudflats were produced in the head waters of the slough for the first time in recorded history. The old mouth was less than 1 m deep and is now over 5 m deep and every major wetland habitat is being eroded at high rates today. The erosion is removing vegetated salt marsh, widening tidal creeks and channels, cutting back mudflats, undercutting upland habitat and dikes, and killing trees. The once shallow and brackish river tributary is now a relatively deep-water tidal lagoon. While pickleweek was a dominant plant before the harbor opened and remains the dominant salt marsh plant, an abundant cover of brackish and freshwater plants was probably killed by the new salt water influence. The extensive eel grass beds were destroyed by eroding the shallow habitat. The only important sedimentation into the slough is on several fans along the western pickleweek marsh.Olshansky, R. B. 1982tnErosion susceptibility measures for land use planning in coastal wetland watersheds; Elkhorn Slough case study Berkeley (!University of California BerkeleyMasters esfMLFerosion; land management; Elkhorn Slough; marsh; estuary; human impactjdOnuf, C.P. Quammen, M.L. Shaffer , G. P. Peterson, C. H. Chapman, J.W. Cermak, J. Holmes, R. W. 1978TMAn analysis of the values of central and southern California coastal wetlands .(Greeson, P.E. Clark, J.R. Clark, J. E.D=Wetlands Functions and Values: The State of our Understanding Minneapolis, MN *$American Water Resources Association186-199 esfMcoastal wetlands, epibenthic productivity, marsh productivity, nursery grounds, organic matter, export, import, California, Elkhorn Slough, fishes, estuary, plants, ecology, baseline characterizationSome current coastal wetland values include high productivity, export of significant amounts of organic matter to coastal water, and their role as nursery grounds for commercially and recreationally important finfishes. Research conducted in the eastern arm of Mugu Lagoon, Ventura County, California, has shown: 1) that the productivity of vascular plants in the salt marsh is low compared to east cosat marshes at comparable latitudes, while epibenthic primary production is as high; 2) that export of organic matter is not a dominant feature of the system; and 3) that Mugu Lagoon is probably not an important nursery area for exploited stock of finfish. The few other reports of primary productivity (three for salt marsh, two epibenthic algae) and fish utilization (two studies) of California coastal wetlands generally corroborate these findings; however, the full range of size, latitude, hydrology, and climate of the systems has not been sampled. The critical values of central and southern California coastal wetlands derive from their rarity rather than from any exceptional richenss of the systems. In particular, they are very important as habitats for endangered wildlife and as stopping and wintering grounds for migrating birds on the Pacific flyway. Because they are open space, abundant in wildlife, and often close to densely populated areas, they are valuable educational and aesthetic resources.Osborn, Leslie S. 1985|Population dynamics, behavior, and the effect of disturbance on haulout patterns of the harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardsi d 60Departments of Environmental Studies and Biology Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruzt75 Senior Thesis} esf,V harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, Elkhorn Slough, California, Population size, Behavior, human impact, Vertebrates, Chordates, mammals, marine, intertidal, subtidal, ecology, disturbancecPIA six month field study, from Feb - July 1984, was conducted in Elkhorn Slough in order to document the existing level of recreational activity in the vicinity of the haulout, and provide information on the population dynamics, behavior, and haulout patterns of Elkhorn's seals. Monthly maximum censuses were consistent at 35 animals with the exception of a sharp reduction in May and July, months associated with pupping, breeding, and molt. The repeated return sightings of individual seals up to 5 consecutive months is evidence that the Elkhorn herd follows a residency use pattern. The age structure ratio at peak adult attendance was 80% immatures to 20% adults. Feeding was observed in the channel throughout the study period. The only visible catch was the flatfish - starry flounder. All feeding episodes occurred in the hours before 1000 and after 1630 which coincided with the diurnal haul out pattern. Feeding dive times for 11 juveniles were recorded. The average dive was 4 minutes (n 75) with a surface interval of 35 seconds (n 69); foraging depth ranged from 2-8 m. The natural steady state swimming speed, calculated on individual seals arriving to the haulout, was found to be 1.9 m/sec. Aquatic play was recorded on 54% of sampled days. Nearly all behavior was social and involved pairs and occasionally trios of juveniles. Play sessions ranging up to one hour in duration, were composed of play bouts (ave = 4.3 min) and rest periods (ave = 1.7 min). Recreational boating was the single largest contributor of disturbance in the slough and caused nearly two-thirds of seal flight reactions; canoe class being a primary source. All flight incidents occurred within 100m of the haulout; 74% less than 30 m. Power boaters, usually anglers, accounted for nearly 75% of the total boat sightings. Summer showed the highest seasonal level of activity.multiple copies (3)  Oxman, D. 1992{Food habits, movements, and seasonal abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Californiae @ N  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories4Progress Report esfVVertebrates, Mammals, harbor seal, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, foraging, ecology, marine, prey abundance, species composition, diving;Preliminary analysis of scat from harbor seals indicate Dover sole (Microstomas pacificus), spotted cuskeel (Chilara taylori), plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus), and white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) were dominant prey items in all seasons. Cephalopods were abundant during the winter and Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) and embiotocids were abundant in summer months. Movement of tagged seals shows they are in Elkhorn Slough during the day and in the Monterey Bay at night. Duration of dives is shorter when in the slough than when in the bay. Otter trawls were conducted monthly day and night to establish seasonal trends in prey abundance and distribution. The harbor seal census showed a consistent monthly maximum count of 144-149 animals between Nov and march with numbers declining to 128 and 89 in April and May respectively. Harbor seal abundance increased back to 148 in June and peaked at 180 in July.umultiple copies (2)g    & ./? KL T `p   - =[% kzL    ! 1Pt x  AO-p <o  c T$4 cK SD T~   !8st O_  )TxH l `  hk4)RBHOxman, Dion Seth 1995wSeasonal abundance, movements, and food habits of harbor seals (Phoca Vitulina Richardsi) in Elkhorn Slough, Californiaa @ X $Department of Marine Sciencesm Moss Landing, CA RLCalifornia State University, Stanislaus and Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 125  M.S. Thesis esfVharbor seal, California, Elkhorn Slough, Food, Behavior, Seasonal distribution, Vertebrates, Chordates, mammals, ecology, abundance, fish, mammalsHarbor seals were counted at least twice per month at haul-out sites in Elkhorn Slough during 1991. Although there was no seasonal variation in abundance, numbers had increased three fold since 1984. Eight juvenile harbor seals (5 females and 3 males) were caught in Elkhorn Slough and fitted with radio transmitters to study movements and activity patterns. Radiotagged individuals were usually found resting ashore inside the slough during the day and diving in Monterey Bay during the nighttime. At night, tagged harbor seals moved as far north as Sunset Beach, but usually were found off Moss Landing. Dives in Monterey Bay were significantly greater in duration than those performed in Elkhorn Slough. Prey hard parts found in harbor seal feces collected from Elkhorn Slough indicated harbor seals consumed mostly benthic species, including octopus (Octopus sp.), spotted cusk-eel (Chilara taylori), and flatfishes, throughout the year. Rockfishes (Sebastes sp.), and other pelagic species were eaten when they became abundant during summer. There was no significant similarity in the species composition between seal diet and otter trawls conducted in Elkhorn Slough, indicating that seals fed mostly in the bay at night.a Pace, S.D. 1978Distribution, abundance and rates of fecundity and growth of Acartia tonsa Dana and Acartia californiensis Trinast (Copepoda) in Elkhorn Slough, California = J T j (!Department of Biological Sciences  San Jose, CA B;Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University 113 M.A. Thesissp esfIInvertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Copepoda, plankton, Elkhorn Slough, California, seasonal distribution, upper slough, lower slough comparison, Temperature, fecundity, mortality, growth rate, ecologyThe distribution and abundances of endemic populations of Acartia were studied from Sept 1974 - Sept 1976 in Elkhorn Slough. An approach which integrated estimates of laboratory rates of growth and fecundity with synoptic sampling in different water masses was used to investigate the seasonal changes in population distributions and abundances as affected by the factors of food availability and temperature. The objective of the study was to investigate the factors controlling seasonal cycles in distributions and abundances. Seasonal cycles in distributions and abundances were similar during the two years of study. Species distribution patterns of the upper slough water mass were affected by characteristic seasonal changes in temperature, and were dominated for approximately 300 days of the year by endemic populations of Acartia californiensis. The lower slough water mass was affected by nearshore hydrographic processes, and was seasonally dominated by populations of Acartia tonsa and Acartia clausii. Abundances of both A. californiensis and A. tonsa may be affected by temperature through such population parameters as rates of growth, fecundity, and mortality.i (!Pacific Gas and Electric Company,t 19630*Drift pole study, Moss Landing Power Plant & Pacific Gas and Electric Company60)Department of Enginerring Research Report= No. 4222-63 esf=W=rkMoss Landing, PG&E, Elkhorn Slough, pollution, environmental impact, drift study, human impact, power plantaThis investigation was undertaken to measure sea water currents in the area of the proposed cooling water discharge for Moss Landing Power Plant Units 5 and 6 in order that the possibility of cooling water recirculation might be evaluated. On the basis of these studies, it is concluded that some recirculation might occur at the time of high tide following a strong flooding current, but the total amount of recirculation over an extended period of time will probably be very small. (!Pacific Gas and Electric Company,n 1973~An evaluation of the effect of cooling water discharges on the beneficial uses of receiving waters at Moss Landing Power Plant San Francisco, CA & Pacific Gas and Electric Company Report esfMElkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, Monterey Bay, water quality, thermal pollution, human impact, power plant, resource managementvpThis report on thermal waste discharge from Moss Landing Power Plant describes PG&E company operations at that facility and presents the results of studies designed to determine compliance with the objectives of the State Termal Plan. The results of field investigations in the vicinity of the discharges from Moss Landing Power Plant have demonstrated that: 1) Units 6-7 discharge into Monterey produces no deleterious effect in these receiving ocean waters and is therefore in full compliance with the objectives of the Thermal Plan. In addition, monitoring have shown no significant changes in water quality which might have resulted from the operation of the power plant. 2) Units 1-5 discharge into Elkhorn Slough is not in compliance with the specific objectives of the Thermal Plan for estuaries. Specific and separate objectives for a coastal lagoon have not been adopted.>7Only have a copy of the TOC and summary and conclusionsl$> @9Philip Williams & Associates, Moffatt & Nichol Engineers, 19924-Elkhorn Slough tidal hydraulics erosion study San Francisco, CA 4-Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers2 129 Report esf1WxrElkhorn Slough, estuarine, geology, hydrology, resource management, mitigation, erosion, human impact, restoration@:The purpose of this present study is to determine if the Corps' Moss Landing Harbor Navigation Project has caused, or is causing, any erosion of the vegetated marshlands in Elkhorn Slough. The study will also examine other possible causes that may have led to the current erosion condition at Elkhorn Slough. Lastly, the study will evaluate and recommend solutions to the current erosion problems that exist at Elkhorn Slough. Conclusions: 1) The pre-1946 slough system had undergone significant alterations from a pristine condition. The most important of these were the 1910 diversionof the Salinas River and the diking and draining of various wetland areas. These changes have resulted in large scale subsidence of several feet; subsidence in the South Marsh/Parson's slough area was especially important. 2) The 1946 opening of the new harbor entrance and maintenance of the dredged entrance channel allowed for full tidal exchange. The resulting higher tidal velocities initiated rapid eronsion in the downstream reaches of Elkhorn Slough. A maximum degradation of about 15 vertical feet has occurred and currently the channel is actively widening in response to the increased channel depths. To date, an estimated 1.2 milion cy of material have been eroded from the system. It appears that the channel and bank erosion is preceeding upstream and over time, more active erosion in the upper slough reaches may occur. 3) The levee breaches of 1983-84 significantly increased the tidal prism to downstream reaches. It is estimated that the breaches are responsible for a depth increase of about 3 feet and an increase in channel cross-section of about 33% in the reaches below the Parson's Slough/Elkhorn Slough junction. 4) A sill across the channel at the Highway 1 bridge can be designed to reduce tidal circulation and associated erosion. A sill across the Parson's Slough at the SPRR bridge in the Reserve also appears desirable. 5) The geomorphic response of the system to these structures will be gradual. Erosion will continue to occur until the sough invert is raised by subsequent deposition.>7Phillips, R.E. Gutoff, D.I. Hansen, J.E. Hardwick, J.E. 19868Distribution of major marine macrophytes, seasonal estimates of Gracilaria standing crop, and spawning activities of the Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasii, in Elkhorn Slough, California; 1979-1982 @ J   California Fish and Game724232-243 esf P, FElkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, Vertebrates, Chordates, fishes, Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, eelgrass, Zostera marina, red algae, Gracilaria, reproduction, estuary, marine, reproduction, animal, plant, ecology$Marine vegetation surveys and Pacific herring spawn assessments were carried out in Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough, California for three consecutive herring spawning seasons (1979-80 to 1981-82). The red alga Gracilaria sp. and the marine vascular plant Zostera marina (eelgrass) are the major macrophyte substrate available for herring spawn deposition. Gracilaria standing crops varied considerably among years and locations within the study area. The standing crop of Gracilaria in Elkhorn Slough was physically reduced each winter by storm runoff and strong tidal currents. Biomass estimates of spawning herring were calculated from each season's egg depoits. During the 1979-80 season, an estimated 0.4 short ton of herring spawned on Gracilaria. Biomass estimates of spawning herring for the 1980-81 and 1981-82 seasons were based on all plant substrata and were 0.1 and 0.6 short tons respectively. The density of herring spawn deposition observed in Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough was consistently very light (<=0.25 egg layers).tmultiple copies (2)f Phillips, P.T. 1988D>California State Mussel Watch: Ten year data summary 1977-1987 Sacramento, CA *#State Water Resources Control Boardd 365o&Water Quality Monitoring Report/No. 87-3 esf9IInvertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, biomonitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Salinas River, Pajaro RiverThis report summarizes the results of the California State Mussel Watch (SMW) program rom 1977-1987. The SMW program monitors long-term trends in pollutant concentrations in marine organisms, identifies locations where higher than expected concentrations of pollutants exist, and provides the evidence needed to initiate follow-up studies and actions to detect, correct, and clean-up sources of pollutions. The report is organized as follows: 1) standards, criteria, and comparisons that are used to evaluate SMW results are listed in Tables 1-11 on pages 3-12. 2) trace metal results are listed in Tables 12 and 13 on pages 13-94 3) trace metal results that exceed standards, criteria, and comparison data are listed in Tables 14 and 15 on pages 95-140. 4) synthetic organic chemical results are listed in Tables 16 and 17 on pages 141-272. 5) organic results that exceed standards, criteria, and comparison data are listed in Tables 18, 19, and 20 on pages 273-313. 6) field and laboratory procedures used by the SMW program are detailed in Appendix A. 7) Station location information is listed in Appendix B. 8) Maps showing the SMW station locations are contained in Appendix C.  Pine, D.S. 19682+Water bird counts at Elkhorn Slough 1967-68 ,&California Department of Fish and Game24 Report esfBElkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, birds, shorebirds, water birds, marine, estuary, mudflats, ecology, distribution, abundance, baseline characterizationWater bird counts were made at Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California, monthly from Jan 12, 1967 to June 15, 1967; and twice monthly from July 5, 1967 to June 26, 1968. Counts were made at eight stations. A total of 89 species of water-associated birds were identified. The most numerous species was the northern phalarope with brown pelican and American coot in decreasing abundance. Highest total count was made October 11, 1967 (21,160) and lowest count May 18, 1967 (1,132).  B. T. Pittman 1995@9Upland Conservation Tactics for Protecting Elkhorn Slough San Jose San Jose State Universitye49April 21, 1995 report esfbM4.Elkhorn Slough; conservation; Estuaries; marsh P .N  Prickett, J. 1971\ULevels and sites of concentration of trace metals in nearshore fishes of Monterey Bay Pacific Grove, CA 2+Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University32 Report esf C, MElkhorn Slough, Pajaro River, Kirby Park, Moss Landing Harbor, Monterey Bay, California, Fish, inshore fishes, trace metals, contaminants, pollutants, aquatic toxicology, chemistry, shiner perch, Cymatogaster aggregata, leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata, top smelt, Atherinops affinis, starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, striped bass, Roccus saxatilis, cadmium, lead, silver, copper, chromium, manganese, zinc The sites of concentration of the trace metals cadmium, lead, silver, copper, chromium, manganese, and zinc were determined for five species of inshore marine fishes. Generally, zinc and lead accumulate in the gills; copper, cadmium, and zinc accumulate in liver; and silver, zinc, manganese, chromium and cadmium concentrate in bone. Flesh doesn't noticeably concentrate any of these elements. Concentration levels with regard to trophic levels were also examined, and it was found that manganese in the liver, and zinc in flesh and bone decrease in concentration with increasing trophic level. Cadmium in the liver may show a direct relationship of concentration with higher trophic levels. Ramer, B.A. 1985XRSeasonal abundance, habitat use, and diet of selected shorebirds in Elkhorn Slough(!Department of Biological Sciences}  Hayward, CA NHMoss Landing Marine Laboratories and California State University Hayward96 M.S. Thesisa esfmBe6/Elkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, mudflats, salt marsh, salt ponds, Calidris mauri, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, Limosa fedoa, stomach pumping, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalves, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Annelida, Polychaeta, Protozoa, Foraminifera, crabs, insects, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, ecology, foragingrThe seasonal abundance and habitat utilization of shorebirds in Elkhorn Slough were examined from November 1977 through February 1980. The major habitats (salt ponds, salt marsh, and tidal flats) available to shorebirds were described. In addition, the feeding habits of the Western Sandpiper (Calidria mauri), Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), and the Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) were studied. Stomach-pumping of Western Sandpipers was evaluated to determine if this technique represented the total stomach content. Censuses revealed that eleven species of shorebirds were common in Elkhorn Slough. These species were the Least Sandpiper, Western Sandpiper, Dunlin, Sanderling, Short-billed Dowitcher, Long-billed Dowitcher, Black-bellied Plover, Willet, Marbled Godwit, American Avocet, and Long-billed Curlew. The Western Sandpiper accounted for over 78% of the numerical abundance of shorebirds. Marbled Godwits and Western Sandpipers accounted for over 59% of the total biomass of all shorebirds. The tidal flats served as the primary foraging areas, and all species fed the most on exposed tidal flats as opposed to the water's edge and water microhabitat. The salt ponds and salt marsh were used primarily as high tide roosts.The major prey items in the Western Sandpiper's diet were amphipods, polychaetes, bivalves, copepods, ostracodes, and foraminifera, although insects were seasonally important. The crab Hemigrapsis oregonensis was the most important prey item of the Willet. Marbled Godwits fed on a variety of prey which included polychaetes, bivalves, and decapods. Samples of stomach-pumped Western Sandpipers were representative of prey types in the total stomach and this procedure should be explored further.  Ramer, B.A. 1989^WResults of the shorebird census of Monterey Bay and nearby coastal sites: 22 April 1989 Stinson Beach, California "Point Reyes Bird Observatory6s Report esf8BszsElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population sizenThe spring count of 13,082 shorebirds (representing 25 species) was 35% of the previous fall count of 37,412 individuals (30 species). However, much of this difference was due to the relatively low numbers of Western Sandpipers (4,593 versus 18,363). Of species that were present in both the fall and spring censuses, only the Semipalmated Plover and the Dunlin were seen in higher numbers this spring. Although Elkhorn Slough attracts large concentrations of shorebirds (66% of the spring total and 83% of the fall total), the sandy coastal beaches provide essential habitat for several species. In particular, Sanderling, Willets, Marbled Godwits, Snowy Plover, Whimbrels, and Ruddy Turnstones were more numerous on the outer coastal beaches than they were in Elkhorn Slough. On future censuses, we hope to recruit more volunteers so we can better survey the habitats away from the Elkhorn Slough ecosystem and better understand the distribution of shorebirds throughout the entire Monterey Bay area.  Ramer, B.A. 19902+Monterey Bay shorebird census: August, 1989 Stinson Beach, CAy "Point Reyes Bird Observatory14 Report esfBElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonalilty The Monterey Bay shorebird counts show the importance of this area to shorebirds. For example, Elkhorn Slough is important to many species, especially the Western and Least sandpipers, Dunlin, dowitcher species, and the Black-bellied Plover. The Outer Beaches provide essential habitats to Sanderling, Willets, and Marbled Godwits. This year's fall count of 25,639 shorebirds (representing 28 species) was about 64% of last year's fall count of 37,412 individuals (30 species). However, 93% of this difference was due to the comparatively low numbers of Western Sandpipers (7,715 versus 18,697). Because of this variability, the percent composition of the Western and Least Sandpipers differed between the two fall censuses. In the fall 1989 census, Least Sandpipers accounted for 35% of the species seen and Western Sandpipers for 30%. In contrast, on the fall 1988 census, Western Sandpipers accounted for 56% of the species seen and Least Sandpipers for 19%. Except for this difference, the percent composition of the next five most abundant species was similar between the two censuses as Sanderling accounted for 95 of the total in 1989 and 8%i n 1988; marbled godwit, 8% and 6&; willet, 7% and 5%; dowitcher species, 4% and 6%, and blackbellied plover, 2% and 1%. Differences in total numbers of shorebirds on these three censuses are due in part to timing of the censuses in relation to the yearly migration and fluctuations in numbers. Although Elkhorn Slough and Monterey Bay provide important habitat for shorebirds along the Pacific Flyway, our censuses have shown that the way in which individual species use this area varies over time. For example, while only 7,715 Western Sandpipers were present in Elkhorn Slough on 19 august 1989. 14,425 Western Sandpipers were seen in the MLWMA on Sept 1989 (as compared to the 18,697 Western Sandpipers seen in Elkhorn Slough on 11 Sept 1988). Similarly, no Dunlin were reported on the 19 August 1989 census in Elkhorn Slough and only 7 were seen on 11 Sept 1988. These low numbers contrast with high counts of 6,672 in Nov, 1979; and counts of 14,167 on 1 Jan 1981; 7,986 on 1 Jan 1988; 7,790 on 1 Jan 1989; and 11,104 on 1 Jan 1990. To better understanding how shorebirds use this area in the winter, we are planning to conduct future censuses during this time of the year. Then, combining these results with the information that we have gained fromt he fall and spring migration censuses should give a better picture of shorebird use of the Monterey Bay area.s )('&%\$^#<"d!\  Ramer, B.A. 19900*Monterey Bay shorebird census: April, 1990 Stinson Beach, CAr "Point Reyes Bird Observatory2 Report esf,BtElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonaliltyc& This short report provides data on shorebird numbers on the April 1990 Monterey Bay census for each of the major areas: Elkhorn Slough, outer coastal beaches, lagoons and river mouths, and nearby beaches to the north. A total of 23,573 individual were counted (represented by 23 species)  Ramer, B.A. 19904.Monterey Bay shorebird census: September, 1990 Stinson Beach, CAB "Point Reyes Bird Observatory2s Report esfrBElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonalilty*$This short report provides data on shorebird numbers on the September 1990 Monterey Bay census for each of the major areas: Elkhorn Slough, outer coastal beaches, lagoons and river mouths, and nearby beaches to the north. A total of 39,908 individual were counted (represented by 31 species)0)Ramer, B. A. Page, G. W. Yoklavich, M. M. 1991ZTSeasonal abundance, habitat use and diet of shorebirds in Elkhorn Slough, California Western Birdso224157-174 sp esfoB,Elkhorn Slough, Birds, vertebrates, Species Composition, Ecosystem, Feeding Ecology, Animal Behavior, Nutrition, shorebirds, marine, estuary, mudflats, saltponds, saltmarshes, seasonality~xThis paper summarizes data collected during shorebird surveys from 1 November 1977 to 27 February 1980 along the main channel of Elkhorn Slough from California State Highway 1 to Hudson's Landing. The authors present data on the following topics: seasonal changes in mean number and biomass of shorebirds, percent composition of most abundant small and large shorebirds species, monthly median number of most abundant small shorebird species, monthly median number of most abundant large shorebird species, density of shorebirds feeding on intertidal mudflats at increasing distance from the mouth of Elkhorn Slough, seasonal variation in the diet of western sandpipers, seasonal variation in the diet of willets, seasonal variation in the diet of marbled godwits, mean winter density of shorebirds on tidal flats in Elkhorn Slough and range of densities in Point Reyes - Bodega Bay area.multiple copies (3)  Ramer, B.A. 19912+Monterey Bay shorebird census: August, 1991 Stinson Beach, CAs "Point Reyes Bird Observatory3 Report esfCBsElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonaliltya& This short report provides data on shorebird numbers on the August 1991 Monterey Bay census for each of the major areas: Elkhorn Slough, outer coastal beaches, lagoons and river mouths, and Waddell Beach to the north. A total of 25,985 individual were counted (represented by 27 species)  Ramer, B.A. 19920*Monterey Bay shorebird census: April, 1992 Stinson Beach, CAr "Point Reyes Bird Observatory3 Report esf,BtElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonaliltyc& This short report provides data on shorebird numbers on the April 1992 Monterey Bay census for each of the major areas: Elkhorn Slough, outer coastal beaches, lagoons and river mouths, and beaches north of Santa Cruz. A total of 13,260 individual were counted (represented by 25 species)  Ramer, B.A. 19924-Monterey Bay shorebird census: December, 1992 Stinson Beach, CAB "Point Reyes Bird Observatory4s Report esfBElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonaliltyThis short report provides data on shorebird numbers on the December 1992 Monterey Bay census for each of the major areas: Elkhorn Slough, outer coastal beaches, lagoons and river mouths, and beaches north of Santa Cruz. A total of 40,123 individual were counted (represented by 23 species). The report also compares total numbers of shorebirds seen on the winter Monterey Bay censuses from 1989 to 1992.b  Ramer, B.A. 19930*Monterey Bay shorebird census: April, 1993 Stinson Beach, CA "Point Reyes Bird Observatory4 Report esf,BtElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonaliltycThis short report provides data on shorebird numbers on the April 1993 Monterey Bay census for each of the major areas: Elkhorn Slough, outer coastal beaches, lagoons and river mouths, and beaches north of Santa Cruz. A total of 18,455 individual were counted (represented by 22 species). The report also compares total numbers of shorebirds seen on the spring Monterey Bay censuses from 1989 to 1993.  Ramer, B.A. 19932+Monterey Bay shorebird census: August, 1993 Stinson Beach, CAr "Point Reyes Bird Observatory4s Report esfBElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, birds, shorebirds, marine, estuary, sandy beach, ecology, monitoring, population size, seasonaliltyThis short report provides data on shorebird numbers on the August 1993 Monterey Bay census for each of the major areas: Elkhorn Slough, outer coastal beaches, lagoons and river mouths, and beaches north of Santa Cruz. A total of 16,317 individual were counted (represented by 30 species). The report also compares total numbers of shorebirds seen on the fall Monterey Bay censuses from 1989 to 1993.  Reilly, P.T. 19784.Phosphate flux from Elkhorn Slough, California$Department of Natural Science  San Jose, CA San Jose State University80 M.A. Thesis< esfCElkhorn Slough, inorganic phosphate, salinity, oxygen, pH, tidal flats, channel, seasonality, chemistry, marine, estuary, baseline characterizationMonthly sampling was conducted at seven selected stations along the length of Elkhorn Slough for dissolved inorganic phosphate, salinity, oxygen, and pH from July, 1975 to June, 1976. Seasonal distributions for salinity and phosphate showed effects of the recent drought. Rinse water from corings made to a depth of 37 cm in the channel and the tidal flats of the upper slough indicate generally that phosphate concentrations were higher in the channel, where there was often a positive gradient downward in the sediments, then the tidal flats where there was no evident gradient. Flux studies conducted 5-7 September, 1975 and 19-21 March, 1976 were designed to determine phosphate and salinity flux for the wet and dry seasons. The September flux study indicated that about 40 kg of phosphate were leaving the slough daily under ambient conditions. This implied a desorption of 0.30 mg-at/m2/day from the sediments in the upper slough area. Cumulative flux calculations indicate that the major portion of flux has a semi-diurnal periodicity. A quarter-diurnal harmonic was identified as being important in characterizing the periodic fluctuations in current velocity, salinity, and phosphate. The quarter-diurnal phenomenon was reasoned to result from the draining and flooding of the tidal flats of the upper slough, thus showing a shape effect. From monthly sampling and the flux data, calculations of eddy diffusivity for the flux study area were found to be 9.9 x 105 cm2/sec, agreeing with previous findings for the slough during non-drought years. |  }        a.  Nerney, L. Neuman, K. Newman, J.Nitsos, Richard J. NOAA Coastal Services Center,'NOAA, Office of Coastal Zone Management Norris, J.N. Norris, T. Nybakken, J.Nybakken, J. W.Nybakken, J.W.Nybakken, James WillardNystrom, Daniel$!Office of Coastal Zone Management Oliver, J. Oliver, J. S. Oliver, J.S.Olshansky, R. B. Onuf, C.P.Osborn, Leslie S. Oxman, D.Oxman, Dion Seth Pace, S. Pace, S.D.$ Pacific Gas and Electric Company Page, G. Page, G. W. Page, G.W. Page, Gary W. Parker, F. Parker, K. Passman, W.E. Patch, D. Patch, D.A.Peterson, C. H. Philip Williams & AssociatesPhillips, B.M.Phillips, P.T.Phillips, R.E.Piekarski, W.J. Pine, D.S.Pittman, B. T. Prest, H.P. Prickett, J.Procaccini, Gabriele Puglise, K. Quammen, M.L. Ramer, B. A. Ramer, B.A. Reilly, M.E. Reilly, P.T. Rein, FA.Rein, Felicia A. Reis, D.$ Resource Planning and ManagementRice, David W.Richards, Lawrence P.Richman, Samantha E.Risebrough, R.W. Robitsch, E. Rochin, J.A. Rodeick, C. Roe, P. Roedick, C. Ross, L. Ross, L. J. Ruagh, A.A. Ruiz, G. M. Rumrill, S.S.San Filippo, R.A.Saunders, R.M. Schafer, K.Scharffenberger, T. Schettler, S.Schew, William A.Schoenherr, J.R. Scholten, J. Schultz, G. Schwartz, D.Schwartz, D.L.Seltenrich, Craig P. Sepp, E. Seto, W.Shaffer , G. P. Shaw, S. Shonman, D. Shuford, W.D. SiewersSilberstein, MSilberstein, M.Silberstein, M.A.Silberstein, MarkSilliman, O.P. Simenstad, C.Simenstad, Charles A.Slattery, P. N.Slattery, P.N. Sliger, M. C. Sliger, M.C. Small, D. Small, D.J. Smith, C. Smith, D.Smith, E.H. & AssociatesSmith, J. Gary Smith, R. E. Smith, R.E. Smith, R.K. Smith, S.E. Sohst, P.M.Soil Conservation ServiceSolem, Icarus Peter Spanne, L.Spies, Robert B. Spratt, J.D.Springer, A.M.Stanbury, K.B.40State of California Department of Transportation Stein, J. Steinberg, J. Stenzel, L.E.Stenzel, Lynne E.Stephenson, M.Stephenson, M.D. Stevens, T.P. Stevenson, M. Stone, S.L.Suba, Gregory K. Supplee, R. Swezey, S. Talent, L. G. Talent, L.G. Tarpley, J.Thomasberg, K. Tjeerdema, R.Tjeerdema, R.S. Tomich, P. Toomey, B. H. Toomey, B.H. Tran, D. Trice, K. Turner, B. Tuttle, A. E.Tuttle, Andrea E.<8U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service U.S. Army Corps of Engineers$U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Department of CommerceD@U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration$U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service82U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,&U.S. Office of Coastal Zone Management Uyeda, T.Van Coops, J. F. Van Dyke, E.VanBlaricom, G.R.Vega, Rebecca L. Von Thun, S. WAC Corp Walker, W. Ward, B.B.Warriner, Jane C.Warriner, John S. Wasson, K.Water Resources EngineersWatershed Institute Watson, L. M. Wenner, E. L.Wentworth, F.S. Werner, M. Werner, M.R.Werner, Matthew Robert Werner, MR Werner, W. White, M. White, M.D.Wickham, D. E. Willis and Associates Inc.Wilson, Katherine S. Wilson, M.Winstead, J.T. Witt, H.R. Wolf, P. H. Wong, C.R.Woolfolk, A.M. Wright, K.Wunderlich, L. Yamada, K.E. Yap, J. A.Yoder/Orlob AssociatesYoklavich, M. M.Yoklavich, M.M.Yoklavich, MaryYoklavich, Mary M. Yudin, K.G. Zembsch, S.Zimmerman, R.C.Zimmerman, Richard C.Root Entry F; '1TableWordDocumentSummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjjObjectPool; ;   FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q0000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fffdffcba9c8a3afb1c9cc c8a0a3a395938c8c714547403939374e5b414d36918a9985fffffffffffffffffff893899c988f94af76d3f4ffff93f3cfaf8d8d766d6d6f7371706d 7372716e6e6e6d6d6c6d6e6c6b6b696c6b6a69686a6a6d6b6c6b69686a6b696d6e6b6b6f726e6e6c6a6c6a6d726d6b6d6b6b8cf3fff1cbd4d7c3c2bf babdbdb9bbbebec2c7babababbbabebfc3babebfbfbfbfbdb3b1b0a6a8abaca8a4aca7a6aaaca7acb0b1adb1b1b0a6ada9a6acababacafafaeacaeaa acb1aeafb3b3b3b6b-, "+* Reilly, M.E. 19792+The salt marsh vegetation of Elkhorn SloughjcThe Western Society of Naturalists 60th Annual Meeting Abstracts of Symposia and Contributed Papers 82California State Polytechnic University, Pomona CA 3-4December 26-30 esfPzElkhorn Slough, salt marsh, plants, baseline characterization, intertidal, biomass, distribution, ecology, natural historyThe salt marshes of central California are poorly known, and a description of the flora of Elkhorn Slough on Monterey Bay, California's second largest salt marsh is entirely lacking. The objective of this study is to determine the floristics of the major species present and the primary productivity of the dominant angiosperm Salicornia virginica. The co-dominants of the marsh include Suaeda californica, Frankenia grandiflora, Triglochin maritima, Distichlis spicata and Limonium californica. Using harvest methods, bi-monthly samples were taken of all aerial portions of S. virginica to determine the seasonal variation in standing crop biomass. Sampling has been done for one year, October 1, 1978 through September 30, 1979, and will continue until October 1980. A peak live standing crop value of 594.0 grams dry weight / m2 in August and a minimum of 161.0 grams dry weight / m2 in March were recorded. These results are in agreement with values reported in other central California salt marsh systems and lower than those reported in southern California. From standing crop values, net aerial primary productivity will be estimated. Zonation in salt marsh vegetation has been noted in several systems; however, it has largely been described as changes in distribution of different taxa. Elkhorn Slough is primarily a monotypic stand of S. virginica, yet zonation is apparent in this species between the upper and lower marsh and is reflected by differences in phenology and stuanding crop biomass. Reasons for this zonation will be discussed. Rein, FA. 1999ztAn economic analysis of vegetative buffer strip implementation. Sase study: Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CaliforniaCoastal Management274377-390 esf=P=<6Coastal zone management, Water quality, Marine pollution, Pollution control, Erosion control, Agricultural runoff, Buffers, Vegetation cover, Cost analysis, USA, California, Elkhorn Slough, Brackish, Marine, cost/benefit analysis, economic valuation, ecosystem services, nonpoint-source pollution, terrestrial,Vegetative buffer strips (VBS) are being proposed as a tool to protect water quality from nonpoint pollution nationwide, yet no studies have investigated the economics of implementing VBS. This study evaluates environmental costs and benefits of implementing VBS, both to the grower and to society as a whole, as a means of capturing nonmarket ecosystem values and informing decision-making. Results indicate a net economic benefit to the grower for installing VBS within the first year, if the economic costs of erosion are considered. The installation of VBS also has extensive economic benefits to society, including in areas such as tourism, commercial fisheries, long-term road maintenance, and harbor protection. These results support installing VBS as a management strategy in an erosion-prone watershed to protect water quality and preserve soil fertility, as well as to protect economic interests. A number of policy tools to encourage VBS implementation are discussed, including tax incentives and legislative policies. Government intervention through incentive-based programs is advocated due to the clear economic and ecologic benefits to society.eRein, Felicia A. 1999lfVegetative buffer strips in a Mediterranean climate: Potential for protecting soil and water resources*#Department of Environmental Studies9 Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruzp 210Ph.D. Dissertation esfPBuffer zones, Ecosystem management, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Agriculture, Environmental quality, Water quality management, plant, sediment, erosion, hydrology, economics, resource management, groundwater, pollution, cost benefit analysis My research goal was to compare the efficiency of different vegetation as vegetative buffer strips (VBS) in a Mediterranean climate. VBS bordering Elkhorn Slough, draining into Monterey Bay, California received one fo the three treatments: annual non-native grasses, perennial native grasses, or an unseeded treatment of weedy volunteers. I tested native grasses to determine whether VBS can serve to restore biodiversity while simultaneously capturing sediment and nutrients from conventional row-cropped agriculture. I measured vegetation composition, canopy cover, above- and below-ground biomass, rooting depth, and plant nitrogen content (Chapter 2). Annual grasses established early while perennial and unseeded treatments had more exposed ground in the first year. Perennial grasses established a dense cover by the second year; however, weeds dominated in all treatments by the fourth year. These results suggest that it may be impossible to restore native grasses on agricultural lands. Sediment transport was investigated by measuring gullies, micro-topographic change, suspended sediment capture and deposition along the upper plot boundary (Chapter 3). Annual grasses were most efficient in preventing gully formation in the first year. Perennial grasses were most effective in trapping sediment in the second and, possibly, third years. Overall, sediment was lost in the first two years and captured in the third year. All treatments demonstrated approximately a 93% reduction in sediment concentration from the top to the bottom of the VBS in the third year. Precipitation, groundwater and surface water chemistry, infiltration, and hydraulic conductivity were quantified (Chapter 4). Nitrate concentrations were significantly reduced in groundwater but not in surface runoff. Ammonium and phosphorus showed no significant reduction in groundwater or surface water. Vegetative treatment did not significantly effect nutrient concentrations. I evaluated environmental costs and benefits of implementing VBS, both to the grower and to society, as a means of capturing non-market ecosystem values (Chapter 5). a net economic benefit to growers for installing VBS was realized within the first year, if the economic costs of erosion were considered. The installation of VBS also has extensive benefits to society. These results support installing VBS as a management strategy in an erosion-prone watershed to protect water quality.f_http://wwwlib.umi.com/pqdd2/search/do?query=au%28Rein%2C%20Felicia%20A.%29%20and%20da%281999%29r Reis, D. 1999&Distribution and habitat study of Californian Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and Pacific Treefrogs (Hyla regilla) at Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve 1997-1998?Tmy 82Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve17January 4, 1999 draft esfVrD=Elkhorn Slough; amphibians; frogs; treefrogs; Aquatic animals5H43N2 Richman, Samantha E. 1997Seasonal abundance and distribution of marine mammals and birds in Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California from July 1994 to July 1997b Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz230 November 1997lIndependent Study Report esfn B, VElkhorn Slough, sea otters, harbor seal, great egret, great blue heron, snowy egret, species diversity, birds, mammals, Phoca vitulina, terrestrial, marine, estuary, distribution, abundance, ecology, seasonality, breeding, reproduction, mammalsjdThe Elkhorn Slough is one of California's largest remaining wetlands and home to over 267 species of birds, 400 species of invertebrates, 80 species of fish and several species of marine mammals. This study was carried out from July of 1994 to July of 1997 to observe the seasonal abundance and distribution of marine mammals and birds in Elkhorn Slough. The sea otter has been sighted in the Slough since the early 1970's, but has only recently become a permanent resident. In the winter of 1995, a group of young, male otters entered the Slough and have been increasing steadily since that time, They are distributed throughout the main channel of the Slough as well as in the tidal and sub-tidal creeks. Their primary foraging areas are in the section A, B and C, and they can be seen rafting in large numbers in sections D and E (Seal Bend). Harbor seal abundance increases steadily from early spring to summer, during the breeding and molting season, and then declines throughout fall and winter. Harbor seals can be sighted regularly in the 'seal rest area', on 'seal point', and along the Rubis Creek mudflat. Pupping season begins in early April and continues through mid July. Great Egret and Great Blue Herons nest in the slough near the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve during the spring to early summer and their abundance increases during that time. Their numbers decline throughout the winter with an unusually high number every December. Snowy Egret abundance declines throughout the spring and summer and increases steadily during the fall and winter. They also show an unusually high abundance in December and January. Throughout the study period, over 90 species of birds were sighted along the main channel of the Slough. The large variety of species in the Elkhorn Slough suggests that this coastal estuary is highly productive and critically important.multiple copies (2) pjRisebrough, R.W. de Lappe, B.W. Letterman, E.F. Lane, J.L. Firestone-Gillis, M. Springer, A.M. Walker, W. 1980California Mussel Watch: 1977-1978. Vol. III - Organic pollutants in mussels, Mytilus californianusand M. edulis,along the California coast N c g q  Sacramento, CA *#State Water Resources Control Board 282&Water Quality Monitoring Report No. 79-22 esfIInvertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, biomonitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, chemistry, California, Elkhorn Slough, DDT, PCBThis report contains data from the following analysis of mussels collected along the California coast in 1977-1978: Petroleum, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Biogenic Hydrocarbons, DDT Compounds, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Endosulfan, Toxapene, Chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and other organchlorine pollutants: development of high resolution electron capture capability Recommendations 1) program operations 2) program procedure and development 3) expansion of chemical studies 4) supportive research 5) archiving of samples and extracts appendices: 1) Analytical Methodologies 2) Monitoring Strategies and Statistical Design 3) High Resolution Electron Capture Gas Chromatotgrams 4) High Resolution Electron Capture Gas Chromatograms with Coinjection of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 5) Data Processing, Storage and Retrieval 6) GC.MS Ion chromatograms 7) Data from packed Column Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Analysis $Risebrough, R.W. Jarman, W.M.  1985\UOrganochlorine contaminants in California Peregrine Falcons: Birds found dead in 1985l Santa Cruz, CA 60Long Marine Laboratory, University of California8= Report esfcBElkhorn Slough, birds, peregrine falcons, terrestrial, pollution, contaminants, toxicology, species conservation, migratory birdsThis year three peregrines were found dead or injured at Elkhorn Slough, and the birds found injured subsequently died. Analysis of tissues of these birds, which most likely were feeding primarily on local ducks and shorebirds that would be accumulating local contiminants, might be expected to provide some insight into the origins of the pollutants in the peregrine population. Two other peregrines that had died were also used for analysis. Histories of all five birds are given. The birds were analyzed for the following organochlorides: DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, DDD+DDT/DDE, o,p-DDT, PCB, DDE/PCB, HCB, Mirex, DDE/Mirex, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, DDE/hapt. epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, gamma-chlordane, alpha-chlordane, dieldrin, DDE/dieldrin  Rochin, J.A. 1967("A mudflat survey in Elkhorn Slough Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories10 Unpublished Student Report esfhR.Elkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, clams, crustaceans, worms, estuary, mudflats, benthic, sediment, ecology, sampling design, abundanceThis was a study in the usage of sampling techniques in general and the quadrat method. We used a 1/4 m2 quadrat and half gallon samples from the corners. The the remaining mud was removed to a depth equal to that of the subsamples. The remaining mud was seived through a 1/4 inch mesh screen and all macro-invertebrate organisms were counted. The subsamples were split into three strata (bottom, middle and top) and then sieved through a 0.049 inch mesh screen. The number and types of organisms in each of the three 1/4 m2 quadrats are very similar. This result would lead me to believe that at least for Macoma a fairly uniform distribution exists thoughout the mud. Other organisms were also found but these varied in frequency and abundance in each of the 1/4 m2 quadrats. Therefore, I believe that these other organisms are much less uniform in their distribution throughout the area sampled. As for the subsamples: 1) Macoma appeared to be more abundant in the subsamples than in the quadrat samples 2) Cryptomya is found in low abundance in the 1/4 m2 quadrats and were absent in the subsamples of two of the three groups - this may be due to sampling error, indicating a need for more subsamples to determine abundance in this species. 3) the data for Bittium shows the opposite result - the subsamples show higher abundance than the 1/4 m2 quadrat (this may be due to the different mesh size used to seive the samples) 4) crustaceans are quite abundant in the top stratum 5) Macoma is found in the top and middle stratad1~0 / p. (!Resource Planning and Management,, 1986@9Moss Landing Harbor Master Plan, Moss Landing, Californiad Moss Landing, CA "Moss Landing Harbor Disticth94 Report esfeMmMoss Landing, Elkhorn Slough, habitat management, resource management, development, harbor, boating, natural resources, marine, human impactThe Master Plan for the Moss Landing Harbor provides an integrated long-term planning framework to guide development and management of the District's physical facilities, as well as the natural resources under its jurisdiction. Areas that can provide additional berths for commercial and recreational boats are identified along with accompanying support facilities. A plan for phasing the development of these facilities is contained within the implementation section. The Plan addresses development of the harbor west of Highway 1 and focuses on the North and South Harbors, where existing and future navigational and berthing activities is to be concentrated. The District owns extensive properties in Elkhorn and Bennett Sloughs east of Highway 1 and owns and operates Kirby Park on the upper Elkhorn Slough. While management of these areas is an ongoing concern of the District, they are not addressed in the Harbor Master Plan. The resource management section fo the Master Plan addresses improvement and management of portions of the valuable aquatic and wetland resources unde the control of the District. The Master Plan describes various recommendations intended to enhance habitat areas and provide appropriate access for visitors, researchers, and students. The Harbor Master Plan is a facility planning, development, and management program for the District, while at the same time, provides information about the District's long-term goals and intentions to the numerous local, state, and federal agencies involved in the Moss Landing area. Many of the proposed improvements will require the approval of the County and the Coastal Commission. These agencies will look to the Moss Landing Community Plan and the Harbor Master Plan for guidance when considering permit requests.emultiple copies (2)sNGRice, David W. Seltenrich, Craig P. Spies, Robert B. Keller, Marilyn L.n 1993Seasonal and annual distribution of organic contaminants in marine sediments from Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor and nearshore Monterey Bay, CaliforniaEnvironmental Pollution821 79-91 esfCElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Moss Landing Harbor, Pollution assessment control and management, Soil science, aquatic Toxicology, Crassostrea gigas (Pelecypoda), Mytilus smaragdinus (Pelecypoda), Animals, Invertebrates, Mollusks, DDT, Biphenyls, Phthalic acid, Carbon, Biological half life, Metal retention, Air, Water and Soil Pollution, Chemistry, Pesticides, Herbicides, Biochemical Methods, benthicvoThis 3-year study provides data on the spatial, seasonal and annual variability of hydrocarbons and total organic carbon present in marine sediments at three sites: Elkhorn Slough , Moss Landing Harbor and nearshore Monterey Bay in the vicinity of Moss Landing, California. The study provides baseline information that could be used to evaluate the potential impacts of future fuel oil releases occurring in the Moss Landing area. Groups of hydrocarbons were chosen to represent the hydrocarbon inputs into the Moss Landing area. These included the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), phthalic acid ester (PAE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and combustion PAHs ( sum COMBs). For sum DDTs, sum YPCBs, sum PAEs, sum PAHs and sum -COMBs, the major sources of variability were between sites and random effects. Subsites within each site contributed little variability. No significant seasonal differences in any chemical contaminant group were found at any site. Significant seasonal differences in total organic carbon (TOC) and significant annual differences in sum PCBs, sum PAHs, sum COMBs and sum PAEs were found at the nearshore Monterey Bay site. Significant annual differences in sum PAEs and TOC were found within Moss Landing Harbor, and significant annual differences in sum PAEs were found within the Elkhorn Slough site. Implications for future sampling designs in the Moss Landing area are that given the current baseline conditions (a stable, low rate of hydrocarbon input), a variability of 75-150 m-2 may not need to be heavily sampled. Spatial variability, not seasonal or annual variability, is the major source of hydrocarbon variability in Moss Landing sediments, although 3 years may not be long enough to establish tong-term annual trends. Further research to determine the sum PAH spatial sampling scale for oil spills is needed.umultiple copies (2)i^XRice, David W. Seltenrich, Craig P. Keller, Marilyn L. Spies, Robert B. Felton, James S. 1994Mixed-function oxidase-specific activity in wild and caged speckled sanddabs Citharichthys stigmaeus in Elkhorn slough, Moss Landing Harbor and nearshore Monterey Bay, California M e Environmental Pollutionu842179-188 esfFElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Moss Landing Harbor, Enzymology, biochemistry, Marine ecology, Pollution assessment control and management, Soil science, Toxicology, conservation, Flatfish, Citharichthys stigmaeus, Fish, Oxidase, Freshwater pollution, Marine sediment, Seasonality, Enzymes, Physiology, aquatic Toxicology, Public Health, Environmental Health, Air, Water and Soil Pollution, benthic, estuary^XThe goal of this study was to characterize the spatial, seasonal and annual hepatic activities of mixed-function oxidase (MFO) in the speckled sanddab Citharichthys stigmaeus, the most common fish in the Moss Landing area. In addition, techniques to monitor MFO activities in caged speckled sanddabs were developed and tested. Once the relationship between MFO activities in caged and wild fish populations is determined, caged-fish could be used to monitor potential hydrocarbon impacts at Moss Landing or other marine sites. During each of the spatial, seasonal and annual sediment samplings conducted in 1985-1987 as part of a separate hydrocarbon variability study at Moss Landing, 12 wild speckled sanddabs were collected from Moss Landing Harbor, Elkhorn Slough and nearshore Monterey Bay sites. In addition, four locations were chosen for a 14-day field caged fish experiment. The caged fish experiments successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using caged sanddabs as indicators of hydrocarbon exposure. The major source of variability in hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in wild speckled sanddabs from the Moss Landing area is due to seasonal rather that, site differences. Significant relationships between caged fish MFO response and sediment hydrocarbon concentrations were found. It is possible that caged fish could be used in place of costly sediment sampling and analysis. and provide a more direct method to assess biological impacts. Many of the caging techniques demonstrated in this study can easily be transferred to other benthic flatfish, and other marine and freshwater environments.multiple copies (2) Richards, Lawrence P. 1952jThe functional anatomy of the odontophore of the pectinibranch snail Polinices lewisii (Gould) (Naticidae) E V  Bodega Marine Laboratory16 Unpublished Student ReportIlF?Elkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Gastropoda, moon snailw$want abstractR VQhPlO Sliger, M. C. 1980piFactors affecting the distribution of two grapsid crabs found in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CaliforniaeAmerican Zoologist204  755  esfI0Crustaceans, Invertebrates, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Pachygrapsus crassipes, shore crabs, Substrate Type, Tidal Height, Interspecific Interaction, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuarine, benthicNon-overlaping distributions of two burrow-dwelling grapsid crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes, were observed along the intertidal banks of Elkhorn Slough. H. oregonensis was found almost exclusively in the lower bank areas, while P. crassipes was mroe abundant in the upper bank. Field and lab experiments were conducted to determine the importance of substrate type, tidal height, and interspecific interactions. Results indicated the distribution of H. oregonensis was influenced by substrate selection and the presence of P. crassipes, while tidal height and substrate type affected the distributional pattern of P. crassipes.VOAnnual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, American Microscopical Society, American Society of Limnology [and] Oceanography, Animal Behavior Society, Canadian Society of Zoologists, Ecological Society of America, Society of Systematic Zoology, [and] the Western Society of Naturalists, Seattle, Wash., Usa, Dec. 27-30, 1980. Sliger, M.C. 1982Distribution and microhabitat selection of Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana) and Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California, + B N e Departemnt of Biology  Hayward, CAp LEMoss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University Haywarda64 M.S. Thesisesp esfcI2Invertebrates, Arthropoda, Crustacea, shore crabs, vertical distribution, mudflats, desiccation, water, sediment, habitat requirements, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuarine, benthic, ecologyThe vertical distribution and habitat selection of two species of grapsid crabs Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana) and Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall along the main channel bank of Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California was investigated. While the vertical distribution of the two crab species was found to overlap, H. oregonensis typically occupied burrows in the lower region of the bank and P. crassipes was usually found in burrows located in the upper bank or in bank slumps located on the lower mudflats. Substratum and tidal elevation were found to be the most important factors influencing crab distribution along the banks of Elkhorn Slough. Both H. oregonensis and P. crassipes had similar resistence to desiccation abilities, however smaller members of each crab species were more susceptible to desiccation. Hemigrapsus oregonensis was found to be able to tolerate silty-clay water while P. crassipes was highly susceptible to small, unconsolidated mud particles.  Small, D.Fishes of Elkhorn Slough Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories5 Unpublished Student Report esfFRKVertebrates, Chordates, fish, Elkhorn Slough, species list, marine, estuarypishort description of the fishes found in Elkhorn Slough including short descriptions of the fish species.e  Small, D.J. 1983\USome aspects of the early fish colonization patterns in newly created wetland habitat, Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories35 Unpublished Student Report esf9F|uVertebrates, Chordates, Elkhorn Slough, fish, food web, ecology, sampling methods, benthic, baseline characterizationThe purpose of this study was to examine the early colonization patterns of fishes into the newly created Estuarine Sanctuary. Studies of this type are important as baseline information for estuarine management decisions and as steps toward the understanding of colonization processes after natural or man-made environmental disturbances. Rare is the occasion to study a developing estuairne system, such that the opportuntites for research offered by the Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary should be exploited to the fullest extent. Some of the patterns observed during this study include: 1) It is clear that certain sizes of fish were captured more effeciently by a certain type of gear. Therefore, it is probable that the species list is not complete and that of the species samples, only certain sizes were sampled. A complete picture of the distribution throughout the marsh restoration project would require a more intensive sampling effort and a wider range of sampling gear. 2) Seine samples were almost entirely comprised of topsmelt. Topsmelt were also captured by gill nets. 3)Staghorn sculpin were caught approximately two weeks after the opening of the main channel and consistently after that time. The presence of staghorn sculpin appears to coincide with the tremendous increase in crab densities - the sculpins main prey species is Hemigrapsus. 4)The tremendous increase in Hemigrapsus can be pinpointed nearly to the day. It appears as though a wave of crabs traveled down the main channel and colonized the main channel in densities similar to those found in Long Canyon. 5) Abundance of piscivorous predators - birds, raccoons, and harbor seals - have increased in the study area. 6) Diversity indices indicated that fish diversity increased after the opening of the main channel. The patterns seen in this study development after only six weeks. It will be interesting to follow the new marsh development over the soring and summer when much of the slough's reproductive fishes are at their peak.kR2f2fO}W ))^mw  "rQc h55'(@                   ( B;%CDEFhFFQc:p()  BNc I.@'6xT^kr~D o W       !9!f!4!R![!Y!a!s!")"G"G""3."""je""Q-#"8(#l##s####AR$$$O;%%[5%14@                       F ) BN C` DE`FXX+A90xZJYh"w,6JJYkwovcj:2G 'ff%Hp)Ej ! G G5v\wcsr}4<p&D {6==E0Yj ]. ,      [m    ! B 0 L N ` N ` =@@                             B S  ?)*+,-5)(t$g:N98 76  Rodeick, C. 1969yFeeding behavior and stomach analysis of Olivella biplicata occuring at Elkhorn Slough, Pacific Grove, and Monterey wharfb ) ;  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories34 Unpublished Student Report esfIElkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Gastropoda, snails, marine, estuary, ecology, foraging, feeding behavior, prey choice, gut contents1) it seems conclusive that O. biplicata used its radula, contractions and expansions of muscles controlling the oral cavity, and mucous transport to convey food particles into its mouth. 2) Apparently O. biplicata uses a mucous net type of feeding; however, since no transport of particulate matter trapped in the mucous was observed this cannot be stated conclusively. 3) With the proper facilities, radioactive fishmeal could be introduced into an experimental situation to allow tracing of the food from the nets into the specimens. 4) Positive conclusions can be drawn pertaining to O. biplicata's preference to a clean substrate with low organic content. 5) No conclusions pertaining to slope preference can be made at this time. 6) From observations of O. biplicata, it seems that chemoreception plays a part in feeding behavior. 7) Proceeding from a heavily vegetated area to a lesser vegetated one will result in a lower diversity of organic matter found in stomach 8) In a strictly sandy bottom area one of the main constituents of the diet will be calcareous matter 9) In a heavily vegetated area diatoms will be present in the stomach analysis of a high percentage of specimens 10) O. biplicata is an indiscriminate feeder rather than a selective one.s  Roedick, C. 1969:4Sediment analysis and distribution in Elkhorn Slough Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories26 Unpublished Student Report esfbGCnhElkhorn Slough, oceanography, estuary, sediment transport, particulate size, currents, tides, depositionD>This paper includes sediment sampling and analysis of thirty stations in Elkhorn Slough. Originally undertaken to provide a reference for future biological work in Elkhorn Slough this project has posed some interesting and complex questions, as to sediment transport and current patterns, which remain for future work.multiple copies (2)s Ruagh, A.A. 1976d^Feeding habits of silversides (family Atherinidae) in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CaliforniaDepartment of Biology  Fresno, CA ("California State University Fresno60 M.A. Thesis esf=F Elkhorn Slough, fishes, smelt, Atherinidae, marine, estuary, pelagic, ecology, distribution, abundance, seasonal cycles, reproduction, spawning, foraging, prey, invertebrates Two species representative of the family Atherinidae, jacksmelt (Atherinopsis californiensis) and topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), were studied from August 1974 to August 1975. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the feeding habits of these pelagic, schooling, inshore fishes in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California. The catches of these two species varied throughout the year of study. Jacksmelt were most abundant from February through May. Topsmelt were abundant from February through July, and were most abundant during the months of May, June, and July. These times of maximum catch correlated with spawning behavior since these species presumably enter Elkhorn Slough in great numbers from the off-shore waters to spawn, thus increasing their chances of being captured. The collected jacksmelt were generally larger in size than topsmelt, and in both species, females tended to be larger than males. There were more jacksmelt males captured than females, and more topsmelt females than males. This may indicate that both species school in separate sexes. Topsmelt were more abundant than jacksmelt and both species overlap little in habitat. The mode of feeding exhibited by both species is related to their size. The smaller sizes are mainly filter feeders, and are occasionally more predatory. The larger sizes are both filter feeders and active opportunistic particulate predators. Both larger and smaller sizes probably exhibit a grazing mode of feeding. They were found to feed through the water column, but especialy on or near the bottom. The dominant food item eaten by both species were the diatom, Melosira moniliformis and Naviculoideae, the alge Enteromorpha spp., the copepods, especially calanoid copepods. Jacksmelt eggs were also an important part of the diet of jacksmelt. The abundance of these food items in both species may be related to their abundance in Elkhorn Slough. Most topsmelt and jacksmelt with empty stomachs were found during the periods of their maximum observed spawning activity. This may indicate that neither species feed vary much when spawning. Sex and size appeared to have no influence on the feeding habits of either species, although immature topsmelt contanied more planktonic organisms than adult topsmelt. There were not enough data to determine if immature and adult jacksmelt had different feeding habits. There was little change in both species' food habits throughout the year of study. Most of the major food items were found in every monthly sample. Topsmelt appeared to have higher food diversity than jacksmelt; however, both species are generalized in their feeding habits, preying on a variety of food items when and where they occur. Both species had similar food items in their stomachs, but they differed in the numeral and volumetric proportions. In spite of their similar feeding morphology and their similar food items, both species overlapped little in their feeding, which probably resulted from the difference in their consumption to the predominant food items. Rumrill, S.S. 1994nhNon-point source pollution research and monitoring within the National Estuarine Research Reserve systemRKCoastal Nonpoint Source Workshop: Measuring Success and Monitoring Progress 11-17t esf=MhVOElkhorn Slough, NERR, water quality, estuarine, monitoring, resource managementIt is clear that the data derived from NERRS water quality monitoring program must be tied closely to the set of defined assessment objectives. Resolution of cause-and-effect relationships will be difficult to achieve by monitoring alone, however, and will require the tighter experimental controls afforded by short-term intensive research investigations. Nevertheless, monitoring efforts will contribute substantially to evaluations of current NPS management practices scheduled for implementation throughout the coastal region. Clausen (1991) recommends a multi-tiered approach for the evaluation of individual management actions and packages of BMPs where intensive short-term assessments are carried out along with broader long-term investigations. The NERR water quality monitoring program will address both of these approaches by simultaneously gathering information from a wide range of estuarine baseline and BMP treatment sites. Success of the monitoring program will ultimately be dependent upon the establishment of appropriate site selection criteria, and will build upon basic understandings of the estuarine systems developed over time within the NERRS.San Filippo, R.A.c 1995eDiet, gastric evacuation and estimates of daily ration of the gray smoothhound, Mustelus californicusr P   San Jose, CA San Jose State Universy371 M.S. ThesisoFiB=N<;@  Schafer, K. 1991QThe ecological effect of Battillaria attramentaria on the Elkhorn Slough mudflatsn  2   Monterey, CA Hopkins Marine Station18 Unpublished Student Report esfIInvertebrates, gastropods, snails, invasive species, Elkhorn Slough, mudflats, marine, estuary, benthic, ecology, caging, population dynamicsvoThe impact of the introduced mudflat grazer, Batillaria attramentaria, on the ecosystem in Elkhorn Slough was studied by building cages to exclude the snails from plots of sediment. Sediment samples were collected from the exclosures and from controls areas where snails were present. These samples were then analyzed for chlorophyll a concentration as a measure of diatom productivity. The high variation within the environment, both spatially and temporally, obscured the effects of the snails. Therefore, the population dynamics of the diatoms must first be elucidated before the effects of the snails can be determined.umultiple copies (2)e T. Scharffenberger 19990*Elkhorn Slough Watershed Conservation Plan :4Elkhorn Slough Foundation and the Nature Conservancy44 July 2, 1999 esfM:3Elkhorn Slough; watershed; conservation; management 4-Scharffenberger, T. Elkhorn Slough Foundatione 2002xqElkhorn Slough at the crossroads: Natural resources and conservation strategies for the Elkhorn Slough watershedh Elkhorn Slough Foundation 1-41 March 6, 2002 Report esfM:3Elkhorn Slough, conservation strategies, watershed, $Schettler, S. Silberstein, M. 1984f_Preliminary list of plant species identified on the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary29P.'Elkhorn Slough; plants; natural history  Schettler, S. 1984D>Vegetation survey of Las Lomas Ranch for Mrs. Thomas B. Porter16Interim Report esfPtElkhorn Slough, plants, saltmarsh, terrestrial, grassland, pasture, wooded slope, baseline characterization, management, survey0)This initial portion of a vegetation survey covers the lower part of the Las Lomas ranch of Mrs. Thomas B. Porter, deeded to The Nature Conservancy. The area covered is the relatively small (approximately 90 acres) "lower" portion of the ranch lying downslope from Hall Road south of its junction with Elkhorn Road in northern Monterey County. The contours are gently rolling. The property lies at the far northern head of Elkhorn Slough, the second largest salt marsh in California, and constitutes the most intact remaining slough and sloughside vegetation at the head of the slough. Survey work was conducted throughout the 1984 growing season. Plants were identified on the site and/or samples collected for identification. Rainfall for the 1984-83 season is nearby Watsonville was recorded at 20.13 inches. As far as vegetation was concerned, it was indeed a functional drought year in central California: annuals withered before reaching maturity, many perennials failed to bloom, and it was considered overall by botanists to be a very poor wildflower year.  Schettler, S. 1985|Partial plant list: Property of Mrs. Thomas B. Porter deeded to the Nature Conservancy located at the head of Elkhorn Slough5i Report esflMElkhorn Slough, plants, saltmarsh, terrestrial, grassland, pasture, wooded slope, baseline characterization, management, surveyA>7Schew, William A. Collins, Charles T. Harvey, Thomas E. 1994cGrowth and breeding biology of caspian terns (Sterna caspia) in two coastal California environmentsu . ; Colonial Waterbirds172153-159BDevelopment, Ecology, reproduction, Systematics and taxonomy, Sterna caspia, Animals, Birds, USA, Mathematical model, Charadriiformes, Elkhorn Slough, California, Bolsa Chica, Huntington Beach, estuaryxrThe breeding biology and growth of Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia) chicks were studied during the 1987 breeding season at Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve (BC), Huntington Beach on the southern California coast and at Elkhorn Slough (ES), near Moss Landing, on the central California coast in 1978. Both habitats are ecologically similar and may be characterized broadly as coastal Pacific estuarine environments. Three methods of analysis were used to compare chick growth patterns at the two colonies. Growth data were fitted using a logistic model, a modified Richards flexible curve model, and a nonparametric smoothing technique to determine summary growth statistics. Chicks reached an asymptotic size (A) of 570 +- 4.03 g on day 33 at ES and 566 +- 3.85 g on day 32 at BC. Chicks at ES achieved a slightly greater (6%) instantaneous peak rate of growth than chicks at BC. Although small differences were evident in magnitude and instantaneous rate parameters between these sites, estimators of overall growth rate (i.e., K-L and t-10-90), and shape parameters (t, P, and M) were similar, indicating homogeneity in the growth processes of these two populations. Caspian terns grew more slowly than other temperate tern species, possibly owing to physiological limitations imposed by their large size, but the shape of their growth curve exhibited a logistic form similar to other tern species. Schoenherr, J.R. 1984Fish species composition in Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary and in two other shallow tidal creeks in Elkhorn Slough Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories32 Unpublished Student Report esfhFrpiElkhorn Slough, fish, trawling, benthic, marine, estuary, ecology, species composition, species diversity\Fish species composition of Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary was compared to two tidal creeks in Elkhorn Slough using an otter trawl. Cumulative number of species and cumulative species diversity curves showed that six to eight trawls per site would provide adequate sampling. Analysis of variance by ranks showed that the number of species and individuals caught per tow was the same for all sites. Rubis Creek showed the highest species diversity, ESNES second highest and Kirby Park had the lowest diversity. Species composition comparisons between sites yielded no significant correlation between sites. In general, smaller size classes of a given species were found in the sanctuary.Mmultiple copies (2)  Scholten, J. 1991ZSA comparative survey of shorebirds from two sites within Elkhorn Slough, Californiap Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories6 Unpublished Student Report esf,Bt|uElkhorn Slough, birds, shorebirds, marsh, estuary, mudflats, ecology, restoration, conservation, foraging, managementXRIt has been suggested that shorebirds roost and feed in the South Marsh (an area of restored marshes and associated mudflats) in a similar manner to natural slough sites. This study provides continued monitoring and comparison of how shorebirds use restored and natural areas. It includes data on tide-dependent movements to and from areas, shorebird diversity and abundances within them, and preferred feeding habitats. Our observations lead me to believe that the restoration project in Elkhorn Slough has provided greatly to the enhancement of shorebirds in the slough and surrounding areas.  Schultz, G.t 197981Elkhorn Slough bridge replacement at Moss Landing 60California State Office of Historic Preservation"Archaeological Impact ReportMuHBconstruction; Elkhorn Slough; human impact; bridge; estuary; marshSchwartz, D.L. 1983HAGeological history of Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, Californiap  San Jose, CA San Jose State Universityt M.S. Thesis Ggeology; Elkhorn Slough< NM LKJ<IHHGF 0*Schwartz, D.L. Mullins, H.T. Belknap, D.F. 1986b[Holocene geologic history of a transform margin estuary: Elkhorn Slough, central Californiae*$Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science223\285-302D esfsGHuman Activity, Tectonics, Sea Level Change, Pleistocene, Paleoecology, Historical Record, Elkhorn Slough, geology, estuaries, Holocene, | vElkhorn Slough is California's second largest estuary and the United State's first estuarine sanctuary. It occupies the western reaches of Elkhorn Valley, a relic river valley eroded by drainage pouring out of the Santa Clara and/or Great Valley of California into Monterey Bay during the early Pleistocene. During the mid-late Pleistocene Elkhorn Valley was tectonically truncated from its headwaters by right-lateral movement along the San Andreas Fault. During the last glacial maximum, 16-18 .times. 103 years before present (B.P.), local drainage in Elkhorn Valley incised a stream channel at least 29 m below present day sea-level, as its base level was progressively lowered. With the ensuing Holocene sea-level rise, marine waters invaded this incised channel, floored with non-marine sandy gravels, creating a high-energy tidal inlet at the mouth of Elkhorn Slough approximately 8000 years B.P. As sea-level continued to rise, the main channel of Elkhorn Slough became filled by an estuarine, fining-upward sequence characterized by progressively shallower, lower-energy deposits. A quiet water estuary, considerably larger than the present-day Elkhorn Slough, existed approximately 3000 years B.P. As the Slough was slowly filling, salt marshes developed along its landward margins and have progressively advanced toward the center of the Slough during the past 5000 years. Historical records indicate numerous natural changes in the Elkhorn Slough vicinity. In the mid-1850s A.D. Elkhorn Slough was a minor tributary to the much larger Pajaro-Salinas River system which shared a common entrance to the Pacific Ocean north of Moss Landing. In 1909 winter storms modified the course of the Salinas River to its present location south of Moss Landing, while Elkhorn Slough persisted as a tributary to the Old Salinas River channel. Construction of jetties at the Moss Landing Harbor in 1946 provided a direct link between the Pacific Ocean and Elkhorn Slough. At this time, salt marshes began to retreat from the axis of Elkhorn Slough as it evolved into its present form as a relatively stable estuarine embayment. Had the jetties not been installed, Elkhorn Slough would have likely evolved into a freshwater wetland and eventually into a dry alluvial valley within 2000 years. The future fate of Elkhorn Slough will undoubtedly by controlled by relative sea-level changes, sediment supply, and human activities. Shonman, D.o 19814.Elkhorn Slough: The source of life for the bay Monterey LifeFebruaryR&Elkhorn Slough; natural historyi Siewers  1995$Elkhorn Slough Oyster History{3d4/19/95e Memorandum esfr`Yoyster culture, Elkhorn Slough, aquaculture, commercial fishery, shellfish, invertebrates $Silberstein, M. Oliver, J. S.t 1985piMonitoring ecological changes in a restored salt marsh on the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary 2+Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary<15April 30, 1985Progress Report esfpMr2+marsh; estuary; Elkhorn Slough; restorationn("Silberstein, Mark Campbell, Eileen 1989Elkhorn Slough2,Monterey Bay Aquarium Natural History Series  Monterey, CA & Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation64 1878244000& UCSC Science Stacks: QH105.C2S48RD>Natural history, California, Elkhorn Slough, estuarine ecologySilberstein, M. 199082Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve*#Current Journal of Marine Educationo101o 13-14p esfM*#Elkhorn Slough, education, habitatslfthis article gives a brief, romantic glimpse into the habitats and education activities at the ESNERR.B8Only have table of contents and the negative declaration  Stein, J. 1984(A comparison of the feeding ecologies of the Snowy Egret, Egretta thula, and the Common Egret, Casmerodius albus, in the South Marsh area of the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary : G _ p  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories29 Unpublished Student Report esfsBoElkhorn Slough, birds, egrets, marine, estuary, shallow water, mudflats, ecology, feeding ecology, distribution, abundance, behaviorConclusions: 1) Snowy Egrets were more abundant in the study area than Common Egrets, however, numbers varied considerably from day to day. 2) Highest mean numbers of both species were counted during the morning hours when tides were low. 3) Snowy Egrets were observed in groups more often than Common Egrets and they had a more varied feeding repertoire. 4) Snowy Egrets made more strikes per minute than Common Egrets, but a higher proportion were unsuccessful. The percentage of successful versus unsuccessful strikes varied with the tide for Snowy Egrets but remained nearly equal for the Common Egret. 5) All prey observed caught by the egrets were identified as fish. Topsmelt appeared to be the most important prey taken by both species. The Common Egrets captured more large fish however. 6) The south marsh area of the Elkhorn Slough National EStuarine Sanctuary appears to provide important feeding habitat for both species of egrets. 7) A large number of individual bird observations are needed in order to substantiate the above conclusions statistically. Multivariate analyzes are recommended for testing the effects combined factors have on the feeding ecology of the egrets.umultiple copies (2)li:hg f :4Stenzel, L.E. Kjelmyr, J.E. Page, G.W. Shuford, W.D. 1989|Results of the first comprehensive shorebird census of northern and central California Coastal wetlands: 8-12 September 1988 Stinson Beach, CA} "Point Reyes Bird Observatory27 Report esfBlfElkhorn Slough, birds, shorebirds, estuary, ecology, baseline characterization, survey, Pacific flywayDuring the period 8-12 September 1988, 345 observers counted shorebirds at six major wetlands systems, nine small wetlands and river mouths, and nine segments of outer coast shoreline between the Smith River mouth, Del Norte County, and Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, in California. Of the 497,000 shorebirds counted, 487,000 were in the major wetland systems. The San Francisco Bay system held 78%, Humboldt Bay held 7%, Elkhorn Slough 6%, the Point Reyes/Bodega wetlands systems held 3%, Lakes Talawa and Earl held 3%, and Morro Bay held 3% of the birds in major wetlands systems. The critical importance of shorebirds of all the major wetlands systems covered by this census is apparent. The hemispheric importance of the San Francisco Bay system, first documented in sprin 1988, was reaffirmed. Within the San Francisco Bay system the South Bay was confirmed as a region of hemispheric importance on both spring and fall counts. San Pablo Bay is also likely to emerge as a discrete area of hemispheric importance, capable of supporting over 250,000 shorebirdsin the course of a year. IN addition, two of the wetlands systems, Humboldt Bay and Elkhorn Slough, contained over 30,000 shorebirds on the fall counts. Such sites are recognized as having regional importance to shorebirds. Lakes Talawa and Earl, the Point Reyes/Bodega wetland system, and Morro Bay will probably also be revealed as sites of regional significance after more censuses are conducted. The species composition of the shorebirds differed among the six major wetland systems and between wetlands and the outer coast shoreline. Shorebirds abundance and species and species composition also differed between the north and south regions of Humboldt Bay, among the six wetlands in the Point Reyes/Bodega wetland system, and among four regions within San Francisco Bay. These differences demonstrated that coastal wetlands in California vary within and among themselves in terms of the resources provided to different species of shorebirds.umultiple copies (2)rtmStenzel, Lynne E. Warriner, Jane C. Warriner, John S. Wilson, Katherine S. Bidstrup, Frances C. Page, Gary W.  1994PJLong-distance breeding dispersal of snowy plovers in western North America Journal of Animal Ecology\634i887-902e esfpB1Charadrius alexandrinus, Charadriiformes, birds, climatology, Ecology, Estuarine Ecology, Physiology, Behavior, Genetics, Reproductive System, California, USA, movement, Breeding Site Fidelity, Female Mate Choice, Gender Differences, Habitat Use, Monterey Bay, Nesting Absence, Nesting Activity, Nesting Strategy, Parental Role, Point Reyes, Polygamous Nesting, Seasonality, partial migration, Elkhorn Slough, sandy beach, dunes1. The year-round movements and nesting activities of snowy plovers that bred on the California coast in the Monterey Bay and Point Reyes areas were closely monitored between 1984 and 1989. 2. About half of 208 females and a quarter of 190 males with histories of one or more complete breeding seasons were absent from focal nesting areas for all or part of at least one breeding season. The incidence of such absences in the population was 41% in females and 16% in males, as estimated from regular nesters at the focal areas. 3. Partial-season absence was far more common than entire-season absence for regular nesters in the focal areas. Presence for partial-seasons was more common than presence for entire seasons for irregular nesters in the focal areas. 4. Of 147 plovers with any absences, 25 females and 14 males were found during the breeding season from 50 to 1140 (median = 175) km from their study area nesting sites. Positive or highly suggestive evidence of nesting at alternative locations was documented for 16 females and seven males. Movements were both north and south. We found evidence only for movements of individuals, not pairs. 5. Winter migrants were more likely than residents to make long-distance movements, a phenomenon partly attributable to birds that typically migrate to their nesting area making occasional nesting attempts on their wintering grounds. During years that the nesting season began exceptionally early at one focal area, some winterers made very early nesting attempts and in years in which they returned before July, some made late attempts in their wintering areas. 6. There was no relationship between breeding success and long-distance movement. 7. The large difference between female and male long-distance breeding dispersal rates is hypothesized to be due to the species' variable and widely spaced nesting habitat, polygamous nesting strategy. parental roles, and possibly the exercise of female mate choice.t Stephenson, M.D. Coale, S.L. Martin, M. Smith, D. Armbrust, E. Faurot, E. Allen, B. Cutter, L. Ichikawa, G. Goetzl , J. Martin, J.t 1982California Mussel Watch: 1980-81. Part II: Trace metal concentrations in the California mussel, Mytilus californianus, from California's coast, bays, and estuaries ` u  Sacramento, CA LESurveillance and Monitoring Unit, State Water Resources Control Board77&Water Quality Monitoring ReportI81-11 TS esfnIlInvertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, biomonitoring, pollution, estuary, harbor, Elkhorn Slough, aquatic toxicologyThe State Mussel Watch (SMW) Marine Monitoring Program fulfills the State Water Resource Control Board's (SWRCB) objective of providing the State with a monitoring system to document and assess long term trends in selected indicators of the quality of coastal marine and estuarine waters. Based on the identification of potential problem areas between 1977 and 1979, intensive sampling of these areas was implemented in 1980. Such a sampling strategy was intended to confirm previous findings, to establish the magnitude of the potential problem, and to identify the location of pollutant sources. In order to monitor bays and harbors, a study was implemented using transplanted mussels. In this case, transplant stock was obtained from a relatively trace metal-free station (Bodega Head) and transplanted to the bays and harbors of interest. This report presents the findings of the 1980-81 SMW program. The trace metals analyzed in mussel tissue include silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se), and Zinc (Zn). Analytical methods for two of these elements, arsenic and selenium, were developed by SMW during 1980-81.2,One bound report contains Part I, II and III f_Stephenson, M. Smith, D. Ichikawa, G. Goetzl , J. Eastman, S. Manera, M. Bennett, J. Martin, M.i 1985BStephenson, M. Smith, D. Ichikawa, G. Goetzl , J. Martin, M. 1986B7The data are summarized in Appendices I-VIII. Appendices I and II contain station information on the collection of trace metal and synthetic organic samples, respectively. Appendix III contains the synthetic organic hydrocarbon data and Appendix IV contains the trace metal data. Appendix V is a summary of the selenium analyses, conducted as part of the State Water Resources Control Boards's Selenium project. Appendix VI is a summary of the samples that were not recovered. Appendix VII contain station information and data for TBT samples. Appendix VIII is a summary of State Mussel Watch procedures for collection and analysis of trace metals and synthetic organics in mussels and freshwater clams and contains the trace metal results from the analysis of the National Bureau of Standards, Standard Reference Material.c2+Stephenson, M.D. Martin, M. Tjeerdema, R.S.e 1995^WLong-term trends in DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlordane in California mussels <6Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology28443-450g esfiIaElkhorn Slough, Invertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, monitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, human impactThe California State Mussel Watch program is a long-term monitoring program conducted by the State Water Resources Control Board and the Department of Fish and Game. In a fifteen year time span, from 1977-1992, mussels were collected at 378 stations. From these stations, 47 were chosen to -conduct statistical analysis based on the criteria that they had been sampled at least 6 times for total DDTs, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and total chlordanes. Declines of total DDTs and chlordanes were noted at approximately half of the stations. Declines of total PCBs were noted at approximately one-quarter of the stations. Declines of PCBs but not DDTs in mussels near Los Angeles County's sewer discharge corresponded to declines of these contaminants in treated effluent.  Stevens, T.P. 1988TNCalifornia State Mussel Watch 1986-87: Marine water quality monitoring program Sacramento, CA *#State Water Resources Control Boardt 140P&Water Quality Monitoring Report=No. 88-3 esf=IInvertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, biomonitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuary All results for the 1986-87 SMW monitoring year, with the exception of tributyltin data, are presented in appendicular tables. Appendix C lists pertinent information about the 1986-87 SMW monitoring stations. Results, by station, for metals and organics are listed in Appendix D. Trace metal data are listed using both dry weight (Table D-1) and wet weight (Table D-2) units. Data for synthetic organic substances are listed on dry weight (Table D-3), wet weight (Table D-4) and lipid weight bases (Table D-5). Samples where USFDA Action Levels, NAS Guidelines, or medians of international standards were met or exceeded are listed in Appendices E (USFDA, NAS) or G (MIS). An expanded discussion of medians calculated for international standards is included in Appendix F. Tables H-1 through H-8 list the Elevated Data Levels (EDLs) for trace metals and organic substances applicable to resident and transplanted mussel or clam samples. Appendix I tables list the 1986-87 SMW samples for which levels met or exceeded EDL 85 and EDL 95 values. Within the RESULTS section, Tables 7 and 8 summarize, by region and county, those instances where SMW results for 1986-87 met or exceeded slected criteria (FDA, NAS, MIS, or EDL values) for trace elements and synthetic organic substances, and include information contained in several different appendices. Tables 7 and 8 are included in order to help identify those samples results which may be considered relatively high, and which indicate locations of concern for toxic substances in the coastal marine environment.  Supplee, R. 1986@9Elkhorn Slough: An analysis of management and restoration Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories7a Unpublished Student Report esfyMXQElkhorn Slough, disturbance, restoration, estuary, watershed, resource managementzLike all watershed systems, the Elkhorn Slough watershed is dynamic, responding to all natural and/or human stresses. Before its designation as an Estuarine Sanctuary, it had a history of disturbances. As such it might be viewed as an altered system. The Slough poses the fundamental quetion to the environmental manager - What to restore the system to? The physical response to this question is generally under constraints of geological, historical, economical, political, and biological factors of the area to be restored. This paper will examine those constraints as they relate to the management and restoration of Elkhorn Slough.rbqp8o  Talent, L.G. 1973lfThe seasonal abundance and food of elasmobranchs occurring in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CaliforniaDepartment of Biology Moss Landing, CA NGMoss Landing Marine Laboratories and California State University Fresnoc58 M.A. Thesisa esfdFeElkhorn Slough, fish, elasmobranches, sharks, rays, marine, estuary, benthic, ecology, distribution, abundance, seasonal cycles, food preferences, prey, invertebrates Elasmobranch seasonal cycles of abundance and food habits were studied in the Elkhorn Slough from October, 1971, through November, 1972. Seven species of elasmobranchs were captured in Elkhorn Slough: leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata; bat ray, Myliobatis californica; gray smoothhound, Mustelus californicus; round stingray, Urolophus halleri; shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus, brown smoothhound, Mustelus henlei; and thornback, Platyrhinoidis triseriata. All but the thornback and possible the brown smoothhound showed definite seasonal cycles of abundance. Round stingrays and gray smoothhounds were very abundant during the winter but much less abundant during the remainder of the year. Bay rays and shovelnose guitarfish reached a peak in abundance during the summer but were uncommonly caught during winter. Leopard sharks were captured the entire year but different size sharks were more commonly captured during some months than at other times of the year. Elasmobranchs ate a variety of food organisms in the slough but crabs, clams, fish, fish eggs, and Urechis caupo were the most important. Gray smoothhounds, brown smoothhounds, guitarfish, and small leopard sharks fed primarily on the mud crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis. Larger leopard sharks fed heavily on fish, crabs, Urechis caupo, fish eggs, and clams. Small bat rays ate mostly clams, while larger bat rays fed heavily on Urechis caupo in addition to clams. Species that had much food overlap did not usually occur in the slough simultaneously. Guitarfish and gray smoothhounds both fed mainly on Hemigrapsus oregonensis, but guitarfish were abundant during the summer and gray smoothhounds abundant during the winter, therefore avoiding direct competition. Similarly, large leopard sharks and large bat rays had food habits that overlapped. Large leopard sharks were uncommon during the summer but common the rest of the year while large bat rays were common during the summer and uncommon the remainder of the year, thus preventing direct competition between the species. Talent, L.G. 1973pAlbinism in embryo gray smoothhound sharks, Mustelus californicus, from Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, California , A  Copeia3o595-597  esfsFnzsElkhorn Slough, Chondrichthyes, Animals, Fish, shark, Developmental Biology, genetics, pigmentation, elasmobranchesThe author report an incidence of albinism in 5 out of 10 embryos contained in one female gray smoothhound. The female was collected in Elkhorn Slough.multiple copies (2) Talent, L.G. 1976cFood habits of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, in Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Californiae " 6 California Fish and Game624s286-298 sp esfnF,Chondrichthyes, Arthropods, Chordates, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Urechis caupo, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Crab, Clam, Importance, Ranking, Size, Variation, Ecology, Elkhorn Slough, Elasmobranches, marine, estuary, benthic, prey, dietLeopard sharks Triakis semifasciata (436) were collected in Elkhorn Slough , Monterey Bay, California [USA] from Oct. 1971-Nov. 1972. Of the sharks' stomachs 367 (84.2%) contained identifiable food items which were analyzed as to frequency of occurrence, percentage of total volume and numerical importance. The index of relative importance (IRI), which combines the numerical, volumetric and frequency of occurrence measurements of each prey item into 1 value, was used to rank the importance of each food item. Leopard sharks from Elkhorn Slough fed largely on crabs, clams, fish, fish eggs and the echiuroid worm, Urechis caupo. Considerable variation occurred in the diets of different sized sharks. The yellow shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, was the most important food item for sharks under 90 cm total length, but as they approached 90 cm, U. caupo and fish eggs became increasingly important. U. caupo was the most important species in the diet of sharks over 90 cm, but various species of crabs, calms and fish eggs were also important items. The diet of sharks 120-130 cm was almost evenly divided between crabs, clams, fish, fish eggs and U. caupo. Fishes were the most important food items in sharks 130-140 cm. There was no significant difference between the diet of male and female leopard sharks of similar size. Leopard sharks were able to utilize a variety of food sources in Elkhorn Slough without being dependent on any one source.multiple copies (2)i Talent, L.G. 1982Food habits of the gray smoothhound, Mustelus californicus, the brown smoothhound, Mustelus henlei, the shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus, and the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in Elkhorn Slough, California  % : S b     California Fish and Game684224-234 esfF2,Elkhorn Slough, Chondrichthyes, Echiuroidea, Pelecypoda, Pisces, Animals, Arthropods, Chordates, Crustaceans, Fish, Invertebrates, Mollusks, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer gracilis, Cancer productus, Cancer antennarius, Urechis caupo, Clam, Size, Animal Behavior, Ecology, Nutrition, marine, estuary The food habits of 4 elasmobranch fish, collected from Oct., 1971, through Dec., 1972, were examined. The study took place in Elkhorn Slough , a shallow estuary near Moss Landing, California [USA]. Gray smoothhound sharks fed primarily on crabs in Elkhorn Slough ; the yellow shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, was the most important food item for all sizes of gray smoothhounds, but 3 spp. of Cancer crabs [C. productus, C. gracilis and C. antennarius.] were also important food items. Brown smoothhound sharks fed mostly on crustaceans, with H. oregonensis, C. gracilis, and C. productus being the most important crustaceans; fish were important food items for larger sharks. Shovelnose guitarfish fed mostly on crustaceans, with H. oregonensis being the most important food item in all sizes of this guitarfish. Bat rays fed mostly on clams and the echiuroid worm, Urechis caupo. Small bat rays fed primarily on small clams, but there was a transition from clams as the major food source to U. caupo in bat rays > 80 cm disc width.multiple copies (2)kwvutsx Talent, L. G.t 1985|vThe occurrence, seasonal distribution, and reproductive condition of Elasmobranch fishes in Elkhorn Slough, CaliforniaCalifornia Fish and Game7142210-219 esf2F2pjChondrichthyes, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Triakis semifasciata, Myliobatis californica, Mustelus californicus, Urolophus halleri, Rhinobatos productus, Mustelus henli, Platyrhinoidis triseriata, Abundance, Conservation, Resource Management, Ecology, Wildlife Management, Animal Distribution, reproduction, Elkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, benthic, elasmobranchesThe occurrence, seasonal distribution, and reproductive condition of elasmobranch fishes were studied in Elkhorn Slough , a shallow estuary near Moss Landing, California, from 1 October 1971 through September 1972. Seven species of elasmobranch fishes were captured. In order of abundance they were: leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata; bat ray, Myliobatis californica; gray smoothhound, Mustelus californicus; round stingray, Urolophus halleri; shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus, brown smoothhound, Mustelus henlei; and thornback, Platyrhinoidis triseriata. Leopards sharks and bat rays were commonly captured in Elkhorn Slough throughout the entire year. Gray smoothhounds, round stingrays, shovelnose guitarfish, and brown smoothhounds were only seasonally common at the study site. Thornbacks were rare at the study site during all seasons. Of the elasmobranch fishes captured in Elkhorn Slough , leopard sharks and bat rays were apparently the only species that regularly gave birth to young in the slough .multiple copies (2)e  Tarpley, J. 1986\UThe impact of shorebird predation on the intertidal mudflat infauna of Elkhorn Sloughk Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories15 Unpublished Student Report esf B, IInvertebrates, Infauna, Vertebrates, Aves, Birds, Elkhorn Slough, shorebirds, estuary, mudflats, benthic, ecology, foraging behavior6/In this study, the impact of shallow-feeding shorebird predation on the mudflat infauna of Elkhorn Slough was examined. To determine the magnitude of impact, replicate exclosures were used to exclude birds. Replicate open control and exclosure control treatments ensured that no experimental artifacts from the exclosures altered the predators' foraging behavior or the infaunal environment. Sediment cores were used to sample and determine mudflat infaunal densities. Results showed that there were no significant differences in oligochaete, polychaete, nemertean, or total abundances between treatments over four weeks. There were also no density differences of infaunal classes ove time within treatments except for polychaetes in the control treatment. From this experiment it was concluded that predation by shallow-feeding shorebirds had not significant effect on the mudflat infauna. Personal observations and results from the exclosure control treatment suggest that experimental artifacts have no adverse effects on shorebird feeding behavior or on the infauna. Tomich, P. White, M.D. 1993The effects of the crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis on the success of transplanted eelgrass (Zostera marina) in Elkhorn Slough, California  / Y g  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories18 Unpublished Student Report esfIInvertebrates, Arthropods, Crustaceans, crabs, Plants, seagrasses, Elkhorn Slough, estuary, benthic, ecology, foraging, restoration, habitatGrazing activity by the crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis was thought to destroy selected transplanted eelgrass beds in Elkhorn Slough. The current study determines the effects of Hemigrapsus oregonensis as a potential grazer on transplanted eelgrass (Zostera marina). Inclusion cages containing four treatments of crabs, eelsgrass, and Ulva (an alternative food source) in various combinations were examined. Grazing activity was quantified as the loss of length in eelgrass in each treatment. H. oregonensis did not feed noticeably on eelgrass in the presence or absence of Ulva. These results do not support the previous hypothesis of eelgrass destruction; however, various physical and biological factors may be responsible for the lack of effect.Toomey, B. H. Epel, D. 1992pMultidrug resistance in the echiuroid worm Urechis caupo: Dealing with toxic compounds in the marine environment + 8 $Molecular Biology of the Cell3a SUPPL. A123IPInvertebrates, Echiura, Urechis caupo, mxr, Elkhorn Slough, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Animal, Toxicology, Pollution, Physiology, Biochemistryabstract from conferenceToomey, B. H. Epel, D. 1993YMultixenobiotic resistance in Urechis caupo embryos: Protection from environmental toxins  + Biological Bulletin 185=3=355-364 Biol Bull esfIHamster Ovary Cells, P-Glycoprotein Gene, Multidrug Resistance, Cystic Fibrosis, Transporter, Mechanism, Binding, Identification, Purification, Antibodies, Invertebrates, Echiura, Urechis caupo, mxr, Elkhorn Slough, marine, benthic, physiology, biochemistryUrechis caupo is a marine worm that lives and reproduces in sediments containing a variety of potentially toxic environmental chemicals (xenobiotics). Its embryos have a multixenobiotic transporter, which is similar to the multidrug transporter in mammals, as indicated by their ability to transport a variety of moderately hydrophobic compounds such as dyes, drugs, and pesticides out of the cells. The cell membranes of the embryos contain a protein of approximately 145 kD that is immunologically related to the mammalian multidrug transport protein and that can be cross-linked by a photoactivatable substrate of the mammalian multidrug transport protein. The sediments in which the worm lives contain potential substrates for the transporter, indicating that this multixenobiotic transport activity may protect Urechis embryos from naturally occurring toxic compounds. Embryos of a sea urchin from a pristine environment do not have this transport activity and are sensitive to hydrophobic toxins. These data strongly support a role for multixenobiotic transport as a mechanism of protection from environmental toxins and indicate an unsuspected mode of protection in invertebrate embryos. >~}^|{ zXyx  Toomey, B.H. 1995UA multixenobiotic defense mechanism in the embryos of the echiuran worm Urechis caupo5 H (!Department of Biological Sciencesh  Palo Alto, CAh Stanford Universityu 102Ph.D. Dissertation esfIInvertebrates, Echiura, fat innkeeper worm, pollution, sulfide, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, marine, estuary, benthic, mudflats, biochemistry, physiologyA multixenobiotic defense mechanism was identified and characterized in the developing stages and adults of the marine worm Urechis caupo. This mechanism utilizes a membrane protein that transports moderately hydrophobic compounds out of the cells and is related to the mammalian multidrug transport protein (P-glycoprotein). Multixenobiotic transport activity was studied primarily using a fluorescent dye assay in which cells that have a multixenobiotic transport protein expor the dye. A variety of moderately hydrophobic drugs, dyes, and contaminants are substrates or inhibitors of the transporter in Urechis embryos as identified by their ability to inhibit dye transport from the cells. The eggs contain a membrane-associated protein that is immunologically related to mammalian P-glycoprotein and is also a drug-binding protein. All stages (oocytes, embryos, and larvae) appear to have a protein that is labeled by an antibody to mammalian P-glycoprotein. Dye transport activity, however, is present in mature oocytes, embryos, and larvae but not in early immature oocytes developing in the coelomic fluid of the adult. The localization of the dye transport activity in larvae and Western blot analysis of adult tissues indicates that a protein related to mammalian P-glycoprotein is abundant in digestive tissues. A clone encoding a conserved portion of a pgp gene was obtained by screening an Urechis egg cDNA library with two antibodies to P-glycoprotein. The sequenced clone which consists of most of the 3' cytoplasmic domain and includes both of the ATP-binding sites is approximately 50% identical to the other P-glycoprotein sequences in this region The potential roles and environmental significance of this defense mechanism were also studied. An extract of the sediment in which the worm lives contains potential substrates of the transporter, and multixenobiotic transport may protect Urechis from these compounds. Bacteria isolated from midgut of the adult worm secrete compounds that inhibit dye transport in the eggs indicating that they are producing substrates of the multixenobiotic transport protein. Thus, another role of the protein may be the transport of xenobiotics associated with bacteria that make up the worm's diet.a& have additional copy of abstractToomey, B. H. Epel, D. 1995piCharacterization of a cDNA clone from the marine worm Urechis caupo with homology to P-Glycoprotein genes0$Molecular Biology of the Cell 6r 1017-1017lI<6Invertebrates; Echiura; Urechis caupo; Elkhorn Slough;Toomey, B.H. Epel, D.a 1995RA multixenobiotic transporter in Urechis caupo embryos: Protection from pesticides ! . $Marine Environmental Research39 1-4299-302sp esfIhaResistance; Invertebrates; Echiura; Urechis caupo; mxr; Elkhorn Slough, biochemistry, physiologyMuch is known about how adult organisms protect themselves from exposure to foreign compounds (xenobiotics), but for a population to successfully colonize a habitat, all life stages of the organism must be able to grow and develop normally in that habitat. In this study, a multixenobiotic transporter is described which is similar to the multidrug transporter in mammalian cells, used by some embryos as protection from natural xenobiotics they may encounter in their environment. It is shown that some moderately hydrophobic pollutants - but not very hydrophobic pollutants - are competitive substrates of the multixenobiotic transporter in the embryos of a marine worm. Multixenobiotic resistance may protect Urechis caupo embryos from certain toxic substances by preventing their entry into cells. In this way the xenobiotics cannot interfere with cellular processes that are crucial for normal development, such as DNA synthesis, cell division, and gene transcription.g,%Toomey, B. H. Kaufman, M. R. Epel, D.c 1996kMarine bacteria produce compounds that modulate multixenobiotic transport activity in Urechis caupo embryos/ V c $Marine Environmental Research42 1-4393-397 esf I, ZP-Glycoprotein Gene ; Resistance Mechanism ; Expression ; Binding; Invertebrates; Echiura; Urechis; Bacterial symbionts; Elkhorn Slough<6Marine bacteria isolated from the intestine of the sediment-dwelling worm, Urechis caupo, produce compounds that are potential substrates of the multixenobiotic transport protein in Urechis embryos. Three strains isolated from the intestines of two worms were identified as Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus and Shewaneila putrefaciens. A fourth strain was not identified. Compounds extracted om V. harveyi were most effective at modulating dye transport in Urechis embryos. However, an extract of V. harveyi obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) did not affect dye accumulation in the embryos suggesting differences in the two isolates. This may be due to a difference in plasmids isolated from both strains (two plasmids were found in the Urechis isolate while no plasmids were found in the ATCC strain). Thus, the multixenobiotic defense mechanism may be important in Urechis adults and embryos to protect this organism from compounds produced by bacteria in the sediment to which the worm may be exposed or may ingest. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd Turner, B. 1972NGProductivity of the halophytic vegetation in Elkhorn Slough, Californiat  Fresno, CA Fresno State University  M.S. ThesisAP.Elkhorn Slough, plants @9U.S. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, 1980Santa Cruz County, California, with overlap into Monterey, San Benito, San Mateo, and Santa Clara Counties; includes Elkhorn Slough.  The Service 80 aerial photographs Scale 1:40,000.0Ra<6Santa Cruz County, Aerial photographs. Elkhorn Slough, $U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,d 1937PJSoil erosion prevention of old Salinas River and Elkhorn Slough watersheds "U.S. Army Corps of EngineersBWR G42142: F7Me<5soils; erosion; geology; Elkhorn Slough; River; water< $U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,; 1965>8California coastline, Monterey County; Moss Landing area  The Corpsa19 aerial photographsoScale 1:4,800.MtZTCoasts, California, Aerial photographs, Elkhorn Slough,Moss Landing, Monterey County $U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1967>8California coastline, Monterey County; Moss Landing area  The Corps7 aerial photographsScale 1:12,000.mMl\UCoasts, California, Aerial photographs, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, Monterey Countyt :4U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ESCA-Tech Corporation, 1974d^Santa Cruz County, California, with overlap into San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Monterey Counties U.S. The ArmyAerial PhotographsScale 1:24,000.RF@Santa Cruz County, Aerial photographs, Ao Nuevo, Elkhorn Slough &U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1994& Elkhorn Slough Watershed Project *$Monterey and San Benito counties, CA60Draft Watershed Plan and Environmental AsessmentMB Elkhorn Slough; watershed NJ: "U.S. Department of Commerce, 19792+Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary*$Final Environmental Impact Statement esfR.4.Elkhorn Slough, environmental impact statementHBElkhorn Slough Collection ESTU-3 (also have earlier draft version) "U.S. Department of Commerce, 1990@:National Estuarine Research Reserve System: Site catalogue Washington, D.C. xrNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Marine and Estuarine Management Division36 Report esf4RlleElkhorn Slough, estuary, animals, plants, site description, education, research, outreach, managementh4-This report provides the following information for each NERR: 1) Location 2) site description 3) significant plant and animal species 4) on-site public education and interpretation programs 5) off-site public education and interpretation programs 6) research program 7) volunteer program 8) facilities &U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1978LFProposed Land Acquisition, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California86Ml*$Elkhorn Slough; marsh; estuary; land :3U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,n 1971Santa Cruz and San Mateo Counties, California; Monterey County (partial), Santa Clara County (partial), San Benito County (partial), and Alameda County (partial)e Houston, Texas F@Earth Resources Research Data Facility, Manned Spacecraft Center52Aerial Photographs NASA/MSC 164Scale 1:120,000.RaSanta Cruz County, Aerial photographs, San Mateo County, San Francisco, San Francisco International Airport, Moffett Field, San Jose, Elkhorn Slough, Gilroy VOU.S. Office of Coastal Zone Management, California Department of Fish and Game, 1979Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary: Proposed Estuarine Sanctuary Grant Award for Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California --*$Final Environmental Impact StatementM00*Elkhorn Slough; estuary; marsh; management  Uyeda, T. 1994TNSanta Cruz harbor expansion mitigation project in Elkhorn Slough-Azevedo Marsh  San Jose, CA San Jose State Universityo41 March 1994 Unpublished Student Report esfrMVOElkhorn Slough, Azevedo Marsh, estuary, marsh, habitat restoration, management,This report covers the following topics: 1) site description - Azevedo Marsh 2) significance of site 3) management problems and strategies missing odd numbered pages"Van Coops, J. F. Yap, J. A.i 1998Developing integrated access to contemporary aerial photography and water quality-related data for a portion of the Elkhorn Slough and vicinity, North Monterey County HAOrville T. Magoon Hugh Converse Brian Baird Melissa Miller-HensonrkCalifornia and the World Ocean '97. Taking a Look at California's Ocean Resource: An Agenda for the Future  Reston, VA *#American Society of Civil Engineers1370-381R Marine parks, Estuaries, Nature conservation, Coastal zone, management, Water quality, Aerial surveys, USA, California, Monterey, Water Quality Management, Aerial Photography, Watersheds, Nonpoint source pollution, Information Systems, remote sensing, Coastal zone, Elkhorn Slough,lEffective management of water quality and non-point source pollution in the vicinity of the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Sanctuary (NES) in Monterey County has been hampered by lack of, or difficult access to, information required for implementation of adopted strategies and procedures, status and trends analysis, evaluation of permitting issues and impacts, and monitoring of mitigation sites and permit condition compliance. This paper describes a project undertaken by the Technical Services Division of the California Coastal Commission to develop access to contemporary aerial photography and a variety of water quality-required information for seven critical subwatersheds in the vicinity of Elkhorn Slough NES, and to provide these essential elements of the material required for effective stewardship and balanced decision-making to all levels of resource managers and interested persons in the region.sVega, Rebecca L. 1999 Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) serum: A comparison of contaminant profiles in leopard shark serum from urban and agricultural estuaries J ^ Department of Biologyy Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz71 Senior Thesis esfFElkhorn Slough, south San Francisco Bay, fish, leopard sharks, elasmobranches, estuarine, benthic, biochemistry, pollution, pesticides, contamination, physiology, aquatic toxicology}NGBlood serum samples collected from leopard sharks in South San Francisco Bay and the Elkhorn Slough, California, were found to contain significant concentrations of both polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) contaminants. Serum samples were extracted for PCBs and OCPs using solid phase extraction, open column chromatography, and analyzed with GC/MS in electron impact ionization (EI). Geographical differences were found for PCBs, such that serum collected from sharks in South San Francisco Bay exhibited higher levels of PCBs in comparison to serum collected from sharks in the Elkhorn Slough. In contrast, organochlorine pesticides showed similar concentrations for both areas. In addition, significant differences in female and male contamination levels were observed for both PCBs and OCPs combined. High standard deviations existed for all the calculated concentration levels on an individual sample basis. This reflects, in part, the variations in exposure, lipid content, and many other possible factors that could effect PCB and OCP uptake and dissipation.mJCVon Thun, S. Puglise, K. Culley, A. Kuhnz, L. Morgan, S. McAfee, S.r 20004.Larval transport in Elkhorn Slough, California.(4th International Larval Biology Meeting Santa Cruz, Californiasp esf I4Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates, crabs, zooplankton, marine, estuary, planktonic, ecology, vertical stratification, transport, biological oceanography, hydrologyConsiderable research in estuaries along the Atlantic coast of the USA has shown that larvae that migrate between parental and larval habitats exploit predictable hydrographic patterns. These horizontal migrations often are mediated by vertically migrating between stratified water masses or by remaining between them, near the level of no net motion. Vertical swimming often is timed endogenously relative to light-dark and tidal cycles. Few such studies have been conducted in sloughs typical of the West Coast, and it was unclear whether similar mechanisms would operate in the absence of strong two-layered flow. In response, we studied larval transport by 12 species of brachyuran and anomuran crabs at three stations spanning an onshore-offshore transect across the mouth of Elkhorn Slough. Vertical distributions of larvae relative to tidal and light-dark cycles were determined during four 24-hour long cruises. We found a continuum of larval transport in the Slough from species that were exported to species that were retained. Exporters included Cancer gracilis, Pachygrapsus crassipes, and Hemigrapsus oregonensis, while retained species were Pinnixa sp. B and Pinnixa franciscana. We also found the Emerita analoga was actually imported into the Slough. There was however, very little evidence of vertical migration, which would allow these larvae to obtain optimal horizontal positioning. It is possible that the larvae that are being retained are remaining on the bottom of the Slough and were therefore, missed by our plankton nets. This study suggests that larvae can maintain horizontal positioning within a tidal embayment that has very little vertical stratification.ahave copy of abstract Z՜.+,0D hp|  $r  \Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve supports a wide variety of invertebrates Title   Ward, B.B. 1995RLXenobiotic degradation by denitrifying bacteria in intertidal microbial mats Santa Cruz, CA *$University of California, Santa Cruz4 22 Jun 19950Technical Publication1CASUC-MLML-TP-7302Zd^Quantitative analysis, Degradation, Bacteria, Enzymes, Coastal regions, Cores, Production, Communities, Secondary; Sites, Depth, Reduction, Profiles, Scale, Incubation, California, Production rate, Sediments, Harbors, Microorganisms, Bays, Nitration, Hybridization, Estuaries, Acclimatization, Mats, Benzoates, Xenobiotic, Tomales Bay, Elkhorn Slough:3Two estuaries on the central California coast, Tomales Bay and Elkhorn Slough, which harbor well developed microbial mats in the intertidal region were chosen as experimental sites. At both sites, we investigated denitrification, benzoate degradation and bacterial production rate processes of the intact community whole cores. At Elkhorn Slough, we used a newly designed flow-through incubator to assess bacterial community acclimation to challenge from xenobiotics, using 2,4-D as a model. The simulated in situ incubation apparatus was used to (1) measure integrated total secondary production within the mats and (2) determine the ability of the consortium to transform xenobiotic compounds and assess the changes which occur during acclimation of the mat to xenobiotic exposure. An immuno-magnetic bead separation method was optimized for measuring species specific bacterial production, using a marine denitrifying strain to demonstrate the approach. The diversity of denitrifying bacteria, including several isolated from Tomales Bay mats, was investigated using RFLP analysis and probes for nitrite reductase. Quantitative, non-radioactive, hybridization methods for measurement of gene abundance were developed and used to quantify nitrite reductase and xy1E in mm scale depth profiles in the sediments at the study sites. B;Wasson, K. Van Dyke, E. Kvitek, R. G. Brantner, J. Bane, S. 2001&Tidal erosion at Elkhorn Slough- 6 pp.o review esfrWhPJElkhorn Slough, tidal erosion, tidal scour, Moss Landing Harbor, estuariesVirtually all of California's tidal wetlands have been dramatically altered. Hydrological manipulations - changes in water flow - are widespread. Either flow has been decreased by diking and draining lands for agricultural uses, or it has been increased by dredging of deep channels for boat traffic. Both of these sorts of alterations have been carried out at Elkhorn Slough, a large estuary on the central Monterey Bay coast. The most substantial diking project was the creation in the 1880s of an embankment to carry the railroad line right through Slough wetlands. All marshes to the south and east were separated from the main channel by this dike, and many of them were subsequently used as pastureland. While dikes decreased tidal flow to some parts of the Slough, another project radically increased tidal flow to the undiked main channel and marshes. This was the 1947 opening of a large artificial mouth to the Slough.  Water Resources Engineers, 1968xqInvestigation to Develop a Water Quality Control Plan for Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Countye Walnut Creek, CA33First Progress Report= esfMvoElkhorn Slough, water quality, marine, estuary, watershed, hydrology, runoff, human impact, resource managementi Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough are located in Monterey County, California on Monterey Bay. In addition to the obvious influx of tides from the Pacific Ocean, the Harbor may receive inflows from several inland streams, including the Old Salinas River, Tembladaro Slough, Moro Cojo Slough and Elkhorn Slough. Generally speaking for the moment, the present investigation must assess the water quality implications of each of these sources to determine their individual or collective effects on the water quality of the Harbor and Elkhorn Slough so that meaningful water quality management scheme for the area can be deduced. Perhaps of primary concern for the present and the immediate future if the coliform organism level in Elkhorn Slough. Within this investigation, the major contributing source or sources of coliforms are to be identified and alternative solutions to this problem are to be evaluated for relative feasibility. This report covers the following topics: 1) Hydrology and hydrodynamics: fresh water inflows, ocean influences, effects of pumpages 2) Land and Water Use: agriculture, municipal and industrial, scientific study, navigation, recreation, waste discharge 3) Environmental Water Quality: coliform organisms, temperature, clarity, bacteriological examinations of shellfish  Water Resources Engineers, 1969f`Evaluation of alternative water quality control plans for Elkhorn Slough and Moss Landing Harbor Walnut Creek, CA }Presented to the California State Water Resources Control Board and the Central Coastal Regional Water Quality Control Board70 Report esfM}Elkhorn Slough, water quality, marine, estuary, watershed, hydrology, runoff, human impact, resource management, Moss Landing:4Elkhorn Slough is located in Central California and is a tidally-affected tributary to Monterey Bay. There are nine identifiable water users of this body of water ranging from shellfish harvesters to heavy industries. There are also nine sources of coliform organisms (fecal and otherwise) whose waste discharges or water transfers reach Elkhorn Slough and Moss Landing Harbor. These dischargers include some of the nine water users, as well as commercial and pleasure boats, dairy farm ponds, and secondary waste treatment plants. As a consequence of these diverse uses of the waters of Elkhorn Slough, the following conditions exist: 1) The prevailing total coliform organism standard for the slough is 70 MPN/100ml. 2) The prevailing total coliform density in the slough is approximately 400 MPN/100ml. 3) The eight water uses other than shellfish harvesting have coliform criteria of 1000 MPN/100 ml or greater. Analyses indicate that the two major sources of coliform organisms to the slough harbor system are the dairies on Elkhorn Slough and the diluted waste treatment effluents being carried to the harbor by Tembladero Slough and the Old Salinas River. Although analyses showed that it would be difficult to support the standard for coliform organisms which would permit consumption of shellfish taken from Elkhorn Slough, nothing should be construed from this result to suggest that the ecological environment of the slough should be allowed to degrade. Indeed WRE would suggest that the present level of coliforms, about 400 MPN/100 ml, is indicative of a rather good natural water and that the present level should be maintained. Whereas there is no apparent economic justification for attaining the 70 MPN/100 ml standard neither is there any social or moral justification for permitting the quality of Elkhorn Slough to decay. H"r Watershed Institute, 199682Northern Salinas Valley Watershed Restoration Plan :4Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments (AMBAG)55 1996 Draft Report esfMitnElkhorn Slough, marine, estuary, watershed, pollution, aquatic toxicology, water quality, restoration, wetland0*This is a draft report for a final report for a project entitled "Nonpoint Source Pollution in Coastal Harbors and Sloughs: Problems Assessment and Best Management Practices". This report has been prepared for the AMBAG by their consultant/contractor MLML, working in conjunction with the Watershed Institue of CSUMB. The primary goal of this project has been to develop and adaptive water quality management plan for the northern Salinas Valley watershed. The primary water quality improvement method proposed by this plan is the restoration of former wetland and riparian areas throughout the target watershed. This report addresses all relevant aspects of wet corridor restoration, including the various benefits of restoration, technical approaches to restoration, long-term restoration monitoring, ongoing local restoration demonstration projects, the issues surrounding obtaining landowner permission to conduct restoration activities, public education, and the uncertaintied and barriers to successful wet corridor restoration that still need to be addressed. Watson, L. M. 1995$The sponges of Elkhorn Slougho  Santa Cruz *$University of California, Santa Cruz15 senior thesisi esfIs60invertebrates; sponges; Porifera; Elkhorn SloughWenner, E. L. Geist, M. 2001`YThe National Estuarine Research Reserves program to monitor and preserve estuarine watersCoastal Management29 1-17 esfM<>7monitoring; Elkhorn Slough; restoration; estuary; marsh,&Wentworth, F.S. Lee, S. Robitsch, E. 1966PJSalinity fluctuation with tidal variations of the waters of Elkhorn SloughF?California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 95-120W=@:salinity; tidal; Elkhorn Slough; hydrology; estuary; marsh*#Werner, MR Kluson, RA Gliessman, SR  1990Colonization of strawberrry roots by VA mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems under convential and transitional organic management,%Biological Agriculture & Horticulture72139-151aPoGlomus intraradices, Fungicide, Fumigant, Fungal Toxicity, Nutrition, Reproductive Growth, Soil, Phosphorus Level, Elkhorn Slough, California, Agriculture, land management, terrestrial, plantc0*Mycorrhizal colonization of strawberry roots was studied for two agricultural management systems on the California [USA] central coast, one conventional and one in transition to organic. Low levels of VAM colonization early in the first year of the experiment may be the result of past management practices, which included conventional production of a non-mycorrhizal crop with high levels of phosphorus inputs. In the second year colonization levels were higher in the transitional organic plots. Annual use of a fumigant and a fungicide in the conventional plots was implicated with depleting the VAM inoculum reservoir and maintaining low colonization levels. Inoculation of organically managed plots with Glomus intraradices at the second planting did not change colonization levels. Soil analyses showed that available soil phosphorus levels remained high (range 62 to 101 ppm) in both treatments throughout the study. In both years colonization increased during the spring and summer harvest season, and it is hypothesized that the high phosphorus demand of strawberries during the reproductive growth stage may create a microzone of phosphorus depletion around roots, even in soil with high levels of phosphorus. If present, this depletion microzone would enhance the formation and potential benefits of mycorrhiza. "Werner, M.R. Silberstein, M. 1993\UAgriculture and wetlands: Examining the interface at the Elkhorn Slough in Californial15Unpublished Manuscript esf Ma2+agriculture; estuary; marsh; Elkhorn Slough<VOwas this every published anywhere? Can't find it in BIOSIS or Current Contents xqWerner, W. Wunderlich, L. Los Huertos, M. Swezey, S. Gliessman, S. Silberstein, M. Tjeerdema, R. De Vogelaere, A. 1993Agriculture and wetlands: Developing a model system for assessing the effects of conversion to sustainable agricultural practices in a sensitive estuarine watershed, Elkhorn Slough, California f`National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management55 Final Report esfnMeAgriculture, wetlands, erosion, pesticides, sustainable, ecology, non-point source pollution, Elkhorn Slough, plants, animals, estuary, terrestrial, resource management, land management, Sustainable agriculture, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Wetland conservation, Agricultural pollution, water quality management, Erosion, ecology, non-point source pollution, sediment, nitrogennThe Elkhorn Slough is located in the Central Monterey Bay area and is considered one of the most ecologically important estuarine systems in California. Over 1400 acres of the slough are in the NERRS. Non-point source pollutants from farm use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been identified as a primary cause of water quality degradation in Elkhorn Slough. Erosion of sediments from cultivated slopes surrounding the slough is likewise a serious problem. In spite of this, there have been few studies addressing the relationship between cultivation practices, inputs to the estuary, and ecological effects of these inputs. This paper reports preliminary, first-year results of a long term project to examine the interactions of agricultural production and an adjacent wetland on a 137 ac. ranch in the Elkhorn Slough. In two to four years, the organizations involved in the project intend to begin coverting management of the land to more sustainable agricultural practices. Portions of the land will be restored to native habitat, while others will be used for implementing and testing sustainable agricultural practices. On the upland portions of the ranch we have begun to document land-use history and current management practices and inputs, and we have measured residue loads of persistent pesticides in soils and sediments, movement of soil, leaching of nutrients in soil water, and deposition of sediment and pesticide residues. In the wetlands portion we mapped out marsh vegetation, assessed macroalgae and invertebrate populations, censused birds, and measured marsh water quality. These parameters wil be used in the future to assess what changes occur after conversion of the land. In the current cropping system, we also quantified soil characteristics, and crop weed and arthropod populations This information will be used as an ecological baseline for designing low-input management systems in the future. An additional goal is working with the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Elkhorn Slough Foundation to develop a strong partnership between the public and private sectors for addressing watershed issues in the slough.`& v D>Werner, Matthew Robert Gliessman, Stephen R. Los Huertos, Marc 1994Developing a model system for assessing the effects of conversion to sustainable agricultural practices in a sensitive estuarine watershed, Elkhorn Slough, California  Davis, CAa 6/University of California Water Resources Center53"Technical Completion Report esfMSustainable agriculture, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Wetland conservation, Agricultural pollution, water quality management, Erosion, ecology, non-point source pollution, sediment, nitrogen, plants, animals, estuary, terrestrial, resource management, land managementThe Elkhorn Slough is located in the Central Monterey Bay area and is considered one of the most ecologically important estuarine systems in California. Over 1400 acres of the slough are in the NERRS. Non-point source pollutants from farm use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have been identified as a primary cause of water quality degradation in Elkhorn Slough. Erosion of sediments from cultivated slopes surrounding the slough is likewise a serious problem. In spite of this, there have been few studies addressing the relationship between cultivation practices, inputs to the estuary, and ecological effects of these inputs. This paper reports preliminary, first-year results of a long term project to examine the effects of agricultural production on an adjacent wetland on a 137 acre ranch in the Elkhorn Slough. In two to four years, the organizations involved in the project intend to begin coverting management of the land to more sustainable agricultural practices. Portions of the land will be restored to native habitat, while others will be used for implementing and testing sustainable agricultural practices. On the upland portions of the ranch we have documented land-use history and current management practices and inputs, and we have soil characteristics, movement of sediment and runoff water, leaching of nutrients in soil water, and deposition of sediment and nutrients. In the wetlands portion we mapped out marsh vegetation, assessed macroalgae and invertebrate populations, censused birds, and measured marsh water quality. These parameters will be used in the future to assess what changes occur after conversion of the land. This information will be used as an ecological baseline for designing low-input management systems in the future. An additional goal is working with the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Elkhorn Slough Foundation to develop a strong partnership between the public and private sectors for addressing watershed issues in the slough. Werner, M.R. Silberstein, M Los Huertos, M. Gliessman, S. Newman, J. Tjeerdema, R. Caffrey, J. Shaw, S. De Vogelaere, A. Mason, J. 1997Agriculture and wetlands: Examining the interface at the Azevedo Ranch and the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve in coastal central Californiae RLU.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration92 October 1997 Final Report esf\Monutrients, wetlands, vegetated buffer strips, pesticides, runoff, water quality, macrofauna, groundwater, soil erosion, strawberries, Sustainable agriculture, California, Elkhorn Slough, Watershed, Wetland conservation, Agricultural pollution, water quality management, Erosion, ecology, non-point source pollution, sediment, nitrogen, plants, animals, estuary, terrestrial, resource management, land managementr During this three year research project we characterized the environmental interactions between cultivated uplands and a sensitive, estuarine wetland. The report is organized into five chapters, with the first giving a detailed description of the research site, and the problems associated with strawberry cultivation on hilly, sandy soils, subsequent erosion, transport of sediment and agricultural residues and effects on the wetlands. The research site is the Azevedo Ranch and the adjacent Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, which provided ideal locations for long-term studies of this nature. Azevedo Ranch is jointly owned by The Nature Conservancy and the Monterey County Agricultural and Historical Land Conservancy. Chapter two presents original research results of out characterization of soils on the site, and the surface transport of sedimens and nutrients. Chapter three focuses on the fate of nitrogen and phosphorous in subsurface soil water, presenting results from three years of lysimeter studies. Pesticide residues in the uplands and wetlands are the focus of chapter four, which presents data from two years of soil and sediment sampling. The fifth and final chapter presents a detailed characterization of the pocket marsh wetlands, including topographical analyses, and descriptions of wetland flora and fauna. Ongoing studies at the site are examining the effects of vegetated buffer areas between the agricultural land and wetland as a technique for minimizing land uses impacts on the wetlands.iWickham, D. E. Roe, P. 1987]Selectivity in transmission to crab hosts by the symbiotic nemertean, Carcinonemertes epialti\ F Journal of Parasitology734697-701= J. Parasit. esfICrustaceans, Invertebrates, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Hemigrapsus nudus, Cancer magister, Host Preference, Behavioral Biology, Ecology, Parasitology, Nutrition, Elkhorn Slough, California, Monterey Bay, Carcinonemertes epialti, estuaryThree species of crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, H. nudus, and Cancer magister, were held in cages in Elkhorn Slough , Monterey Bay, California, to measure rates of infestation by the egg predator Carcinonemertes epialti and to determine whether host preference was displayed. Larval worms showed a clear preference for both species of Hemigrapsus over Cancer magister. Worm larvae also selected H. oregonensis at a rate approximately twice that for H. nudus. "Willis and Associates Inc., 19774.Rubis Ranch Property, Moss Landing, California San Francisco, CA58.'Environmental Resource Inventory Report esfsM VOElkhorn Slough, Rubis Ranch, ecology, archaeology, geology, hydrology, land usenThis report covers the following topics about the Rubis Ranch Property: 1) archaeology and history 2) benthic studies and biotic studies 3) civil and traffic 4) soils, geology, hydrology, water quality, and marina studies 5) sanitary sewers 6) survey and boundary  Wilson, M. 199260Distribution of the macrofauna of Elkhorn Slough Santa Cruz, CA *$University of California, Santa Cruz9p Unpublished Student Report esfRoInvertebrates, polychaete, echiura, crustaceans, molluscs, Elkhorn Slough, benthic, infauna, ecology, distribution, abundance, estuary In general, the data obtained from this study supported my hypothesis that species' diversity and abundance would decrease with progression up Elkhorn Slough. However, because I was not able to get access to an "ideal" mid site, my data showed a dramatic drop-off in the number and type of species between the low, bridge site and the "mid" reserve site. Nybakken's study in 1977 revealed a more gradual decrease in species' number and diversity, most likely because he was able to take samples from a true mid site.rdPl2,Winstead, J.T. Middaugh, D.P. Courtney, L.A. 1991b2Ovarian mycosis in the topsmelt Atherinops affinis   $Diseases of Aquatic Organismss103f221-223tDis. Aquat. Org. esfiFiAnimals, Chordates, Fish, California, USA, fungus, Oomycetes, Granuloma, Follicular Atresia, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, Reproductive System, pathology, Mycology, topsmelt, pelagicaAn ovarian mycosis in a topsmelt Atherinops affinis (Ayres), collected from Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California, USA, is reported. The fungus caused a considerable host response resulting in numerous granulomas and follicular atresia. Based on morphologic characteristics, the fungus was probably a member of the class Oomycetes. This is the first report of an invasive ovarian mycosis in a marine fish.N  Wong, C.R.yInvestigation of water-budget changes caused by wetland restoration in Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve029 Report esfsMs`ZElkhorn Slough, hydrology, oceanography, tidal currents, tidal elevation, current velocitylThe hydrology of Elkhorn Slough has recently been modified by the restoration of tidal action to several hundred acres of former salt marsh. We have taken current, tidal and area measuremens to assess changes in the overall water budget of the Slough and to establish a water budget for the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve restoration site. Interpretation of these data suggest that 1) current velocities have increased by 28% since 1972; 2) the Slough channel depth has increased approximately 2 meters at the Slough mouth since 1972; 3) the tidal phase lag within the National Estuarine Research Reserve restoration site is different from Slough main channel; and 4) the tidal prism of the restoration site is about 5.7 x 105 m3 on a 5 foot tide.        Wong, C.R. 1989@:Observations of tides and tidal currents in Elkhorn Slough"Department of Marine Science  San Jose, CA D>San Jose State University and Moss Landing Marine Laboratories 105= M.S. Thesis esf>Wd^Elkhorn Slough, hydrology, oceanography, tidal currents, geology, tidal elevation, temperatureMarshland restoration, from 1983 to 1986, has altered the hydrography of Elkhorn Slough. A time series study of tidal height and current velocity in September 1986 characterized the changed tidal regime. Results indicate that intertidal water storage over the tidal flats was responsible for an asymmetric tide, a longer rising water duration and a higher ebb current. These characteristics classify Elkhorn Slough as an ebb dominant system. Tide asymmetry was also indicated by the generation of shallow water constituents, M4, MK3 and 2MK3. Phase lags of high and low water have doubled since 1976, and at the slough entrance, currents have increased 55% since 1972. The highest predicted current velocity is now 113 cm/s. Low tide volume has increased from 2.0 x 106 to 2.1 x 106 m3 while diurnal high tide volume has increased from 6.0 x 106 to 7.8 x 106 m3 with a mean diurnal tidal prism of 5.7 x 106 m3.           L  M Y  Z \  ]        Woolfolk, A.M. 1998leEffects of human trampling and cattle grazing on salt marsh assemblages in Elkhorn Slough, Californiay Moss Landing, CA RLCalifornia State University, Sacramento and Moss Landing Marine Laboratories64LFFinal Report to the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve esf;Mganthropogenic disturbances, Elkhorn Slough NERR, grazing, invasion, Salicornia virginica, trampling, plant, terrestrial, saltmarsh, estuary, ecology, human impactn`YThe effects of human trampling on Salicornia virginica assemblages in Elkhorn Slough, California were experimentally tested using 9 levels of trampling intensity over 6 months, then allowing plots to recover for 1 year. Responses to cattle grazing also were examined. Human trampling at all levels decreased S. virginica height and flower production. Percent cover of S. virginica remained high (~90%) in intermediate and lightly trampled plots, but bare ground dominated in heavily trampled areas. Once trampling ceased, open space was first colonized by non-native upland plants, and later, S. virginica. After 1 year of recovery, trampled S. virginica in heavily trampled areas was shorter than untrampled controls, bare patches remained in some plots, and there were significant differences between invertebrates present in heavily trampled areas and controls. Actively grazed cattle pasture was characterized by high percentages of bare ground and Distichlis, while ungrazed marsh was comprised of ~100% S. virginica. However, plants responded quickly to the removal of cattle. After 15 months of recovery, Distichlis and bare ground declined, and S. virginica increased. Overall, trampling and grazing can decrease S. virginica abundance, lead to changes in community organization, promote invasion by introduced species, and contribute to loss of marsh habitat.dWoolfolk, A.M. 1999leEffects of human trampling and cattle grazing on salt marsh assemblages in Elkhorn Slough, California\ Moss Landing, CA RKMoss Landing Marine Laboratories and California State University Sacramentoa64 M.S. ThesisspM,TMhuman Activity; human impact; marsh; estuary; grazing; cattle; Elkhorn Sloughh Wright, K. 1992hbThe 1983 south marsh project: A case study in salt marsh restoration at Elkhorn Slough, California Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruz Senior ThesisyMo2+restoration; Elkhorn Slough; marsh; estuary  Yamada, K.E. 1996XQWater quality monitoring at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarin Research Reserve  Dubuque, Iowat University of Dubuque\62"Unpublished Student Report esf=M=ztElkhorn Slough, water quality, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, phosphate, nitrate, pollution& Observed while doing Water Monitoring for the three freshwater sights: Upper Barn Pond, Cattail Swail 1 & 2, and Rookery Pond, and for the five saltwater sights: YSI sight, Reserve Bridge, Whistle Stop Lagoon, Hidden Pond, and the Main Channel; that all the factors that are monitored, are affected by or affect other factors, by a wide variety of forces found in nature. As seen in the field: Dissolved oxygen is affected by the temperature, salinity, plant coverage, tidal actions, and atmospheric pressure to name a few; Conductivity/Salinity is affected by temperature, size, and depth of the water body, how far the water source is from tidal action, outside water input into the system, and the time of day; Turbidity is affected by tidal action and the composition of the river banks; pH is affected by salinity, composition of the surrounding rocks, and the chemicals found in the air by outside sources; Temperature is affected by the time of day, how long the water has remained in one area, tidal action, size, and depth of the water body, and weather conditions; and finally, phosphate and nitrate levels are affected by agricultural chemicals found in the water from nonpoint and point sources, and things that were done in the past that still continue to show-up (as shown at the Upper Barn sight).xrIncludes a summary of the internship including a description of jobs and training and a critique of the internshipࡱ> $&#M `bjbj== " WW\lLLL  d$ :Z Ls  5 555RL555*"L jb*40d55`r Stacks  Main Channel Side Channel A2 B2 C2 +0.5ft 0.0ft -0.5ft A1 B1 C1 Jetty Road  )-HI`jCJUmHnHu&'()   456789HJK\]^_` ^`\_  Yoder/Orlob Associates,r 1968A study regarding water supply and distribution and wastewater collection, treatment and disposal for the Moss Landing area of Monterey County Monterey County, CA TMPrepared for the Monterey County Board of Supervisors and County Service Areao 160g Report No. 46 esfaMaland development, Elkhorn Slough watershed, water resources, water quality, water treatment, wastewater disposal, geology, topography, resource managementRecognizing the need for a solution to the present wastwater problems and the necessity of developing orderly and coordinated plans for future water supply and wastewater disposal facilities, the County of Monterey authorized Yoder/Orlob Associates, a consulting engineering firm, to conduct a water and wastewater study for the Moss Landing area. The primary aims of this study were to develop both immediate and long-range plans for water and wastewater facilities, to determine the type of district that could most easily and economically implement the recommended projects, and to develop adequate and economical procedures for financing both the construction and the subsequent operation and maintenance of the proposed facilities.yYoklavich, M.M. 1982;Energy requirements of the English Sole (Parophrys vetulus)r ) : Department of Biology San Francisco, CAy JCMoss Landing Marine Laboratories and San Francisco State University62 M.A. Thesis esfFElkhorn Slough, fish, animals, English sole, Parophrys vetulus, marine, estuary, benthic, flatfish, ecology, bioenergetics, physiology, water temperature, ration, conversion efficiency, physiologyEstimates of growth, daily ration, and conversion efficiencies were determined for juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus). 0-group fish were collected in Elkhorn Slough, California and held at 13C and 17.5C for 28 days. Age class II fish were obtained in nearshore waters of Monterey Bay and held at 13C for 42 days. Fish were fed ad libitum on the marine polychaete, Nereis virens. Growth and conversion efficiencies were inversely related to temperature and weight of fish and positively related to daily ration. Low growth rates in age class II fish are reflected in the declining conversion efficiency with size, suggesting an ontogenetic change in utilization of ingested energy with the approach of maturity. Maximum ration was not significantly different between age classes and was higher at the low temperature for 0-group fish. Growth rates from the laboratory compare favorably with estimates from field data on 0-group fish of similar size collected from Elkhorn Slough. The results of the present study suggest taht the latitudinal distribution of juvenile sole along the Pacific coast and their utilization of shallow embayments during the first year of growth places them in a thermal environment which would enhance growth.Yoklavich, Mary 1982`Growth, food consumption, and conversion efficiency of juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus) N _  0)Cailliet, Gregor M. Simenstad, Charles A.>,%Gutshop '81: Fish Food Habits Studiesa  Seattle, WAR & Washington Sea Grant Publication 97-105 esf}FGElkhorn Slough, fish, animals, English sole, Parophrys vetulus, marine, estuary, benthic, flatfish, ecology, bioenergetics, physiology, water temperature, ration, conversion efficiency, physiology|vThe present study determined growth, daily ration, and conversion efficiencies for two age classes of English sole under laboratory conditions which reflect the temperature regime and type of prey available in their natural environment. Summary of findings: - Growth was positively related to daily ration at both temperatures and age classes. Mean daily ration was significantly higher at 13C than at 17.5C for 0-group fish. - In general, maximum ration increases as a function of increasing temperature but declines as the fish's upper thermal tolerance level is approached. - Although estimates of daily ration in the filed are not available, the agreement between this laboratory data and field growth data from other studies indicates that the presumed "maximum ration" of 0-group fish at 13C adequately expresses field ration. - Individual gross conversion efficiencies, derived from daily ration and growth, generally increased with increasing ration - Conversion efficiencies for 0-group fish at both temperatures compare favorably with those reported for other species of juvenile flatfishes held under optimal experimental conditions. - While it was apparene that both age classes at 13C were ingesting the same relative amount of energy, average relative growth of age class II was less than half that of the 0-group fish, resulting in a significantly lower conversion efficiency (this may be caused by the older fish being in a prespawning phase of accumulating of lipids in body tissue) - Results of the present study indicate that English sole spatial and temporal distribution in Californian estuaries may be due to thermal tolerance.PJYoklavich, M. M. Cailliet, G. M. Barry, J. P. Ambrose, D. A. Antrim, B. S. 1991pjTemporal and spatial patterns in abundance and diversity of fish assemblages in Elkhorn Slough, California Estuaries144465-480> Estuariesa esfnF.nhOsteichthyes, Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, Animals, Chordates, Fish, USA, Elkhorn Slough, Cymatogaster aggregata, Leptocohus armatus, Phanerodon furcatus, Embiotoca jacksoni, Life Style, Seasonality, Spawning, Species Richness, Nursery Ground, Monterey Bay, Bennett Slough, California, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Animal Distribution, monitoring Assemblages of ichthyofauna of shallow inshore habitats along California's [USA] central coast are described in terms of species composition, abundance, and life-style categories. A total of 22,334 fishes from 65 species and 27 families was collected with otter trawls at six sites in the main channel and tidal creeks of Elkhorn Slough , a tidal embayment and seasonal estuary, and two nearshore ocean stations in Monterey Bay during 44 months between August 1974 and June 1980. Greater than 90% of the catch comprised 10 species. The four dominant species, Cymatogaster aggregata, Leptocottus armatus, Phanerodon furcatus, and Embiotoca jacksoni, occurred during most or all seasons and were classified as residents or partial residents. Several abundant species were marine immigrants that seasonally use the slough as spawning and nursery grounds; this resulted in higher abundance and species richness during summer. Species collected during winter largely were slough residents. Species composition and richness varied with distance from the slough entrance. The ocean assemblage was most different, and its similarity to other stations decreased progressively with distance inland and into the tidal creeks. During our study, 5,074 fishes were collected by beach seine in Bennett Slough , a remote shallow marsh basin adjacent to the entrance of Elkhorn Slough . Species richness was relatively low and three euryhaline species accounted for >80% of the total catch. The species assemblage was most similar to those at the tidal creek and most shallow stations of Elkhorn Slough . Resident species numerically dominated assemblages in Bennett Slough and the most inland areas of Elkhorn Slough . The high relative abundance of marine-related fishes (classified as marine, marine immigrant, and partial resident) entering Elkhorn Slough early in life or as spawning adults indicates the importance of this habitat to nearshore fish assemblages. / p t  multiple copies (2)e 4.Yoklavich, M. M. Stevenson, M. Cailliet, G. M. 1992^XSeasonal and spatial patterns of ichthyoplankton abundance in Elkhorn Slough, California*#Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Sciencee342 109-126t esf}FOsteichthyes, Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia, Animals, Chordates, Fish, Elkhorn Slough, California, Gillichthys mirabilis, Engraulis mordax, Clevelandia ios, Hypomesus pretiosus, Osmerid, Leptocottus armatus, Genyonemus lineatus, Clupea pallasii, Citharichthys spp, Ammodytes hexapterus, Egg, Larvae, Dominance, Reproductive, Specialization, Estuary, Ocean, Marine, Planktonic, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Oceanography, Monitoring{Seasonal and spatial patterns in abundance of fish eggs and larvae are described from 323 samples collected from September 1974-September 1976 in Elkhorn Slough, a shallow, tidal embayment in Monterey Bay, California (USA]. These included 3645 larvae of 29 taxa that were numerically co-dominated by gobiid and cluopeoid larvae. Ninety-four percent of the total catch comprised seven species, and included, in rank order abundance, Gillichthys mirabilis, Engraulis mordax, Clevelandia ios, Hypomesus pretiosus-osmerid, Leptocottus armatus, Genyonemus lineatus, and Clupea pallasii. Eggs of E. mordax, Citharichythys spp., and G. lineatus accounted for 73% of the catch. Two seasonal groups of larvae were evident. E. mordax and the gobiids (G. mirabilis and C. ios) formed a summer-fall group. While more speciose, a winter and early-spring group comprised of larval L. armatus, H. pretiosus-osmerid, Atherinidae and Ammodytes hexapterus was not as abundant as the summer-fall assemblage. Egg densities were overwhelmingly high in summer, due almost entirely to E. mordax. Similarity in species composition was greatest between collections from the most inland stations; larval assemblages from near-ocean stations were least similar to the inland slough assemblages. These distribution are attributed to reproductive specializations (egg type and spawning origin of adults) and hydrographic conditions.  0 4 D N g r }     c    & /  Yudin, K.G. Cailliet, G.M. 1990Age and growth of the gray smoothhound, Mustelus californicus, and the brown smoothhound, Mustelus henlei, sharks from central Californiam ( = Z i  Copeia1,191-204s esfsFoElkhorn Slough, elasmobranches, chondrichthys, fishes, sharks, smoothhounds, marine, estuary, ecology, population biology, reproduction, age, growth NAnnual growth bands from x-radiographs of vertebral centra of 58 gray and 71 brown smoothhound sharks from central California caught between 1978 and 1985 were used to determine age composition, age at first reproduction, and growth rates. Mustelus californicus 235-1250 mm TL were aged between 0 and 9 yrs. Mustelus henlei 257-1000 mm TL were aged between 0 and 13 yrs. Age at first reproduction for both species was between 1-4 yr. Von Bertalanffy and back-calculated growth curves were similar and asymptotic lengths of females of both species were greater than males. The von Bertalanffy growth equation for the combined sexes of M. californicus was Lt = 1544[1-e-0.168(t-(-1.271))] and M. henlei was Lt = 977[1-e-0.244(t-(-1.296))]. These two California species of Mustelus have growth characteristics similar to other species of the genus.   @     @    $Zimmerman, R.C. Alberte, R.S. 1991_Prediction of light requirements for eelgrass (Zostera marina) L. growth from numerical modelso / >  "Kenworthy, W.J. Haunert, D.>6/Coastal Ocean Program Estuarine Habitat Studies Washington, D.C. <5National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration 25-36Results and Recommendations of a Workshop Convened to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrass from Deterioration in Water Transparency esfoM Elkhorn Slough, San Francisco Bay, plants, eelgrass, physiology, genetic differences, growth, productivity, marine, estuarine, biogeography, photosynthesisr- We have examined the effects of genetically-based differences in physiological performance on growth and productivity of 3 geographically isolated eelgrass populations from California growing in experimental common gardens in Elkhorn Slough near Monterey Bay, CA. - Differences in photosynthesis and respiration measured in the laboratory were consistent with genetic differences indicated by morphology and RFLPs. But these performance differences have not yielded a significant effect on the calculation of daily light requirments, measurements of growth or mean carbohydrate content of photosynthetic shoots in the field. - Models were used to estimate the light requirements of eelgrass. - Minimum daily light requirements for eelgrass survival appear to increase with mean turbidity perhaps because the variance in light attenuation also increases with the mean value. As a result transient periods of extreme turbidity may be critical in determining the depth limits of eelgrass. - Light availability may regulate the depth distribution of eelgrass by controlling rates of carbon transport to roots independently of whole-plant carbon balance. - The current model simulates the transport of carbohydrate from leaves to roots as regulated by the daily light period through the activities of the enzymes sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase. Laboratory and field experiments are under way that will provide data to parameterize the model.a |_ 882ecology, hydrography, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey BayEelgrass, transplant, estuarine restoration, genetic diversity, DNA fingerprinting, RFLP analysis, productivity, light requirements, carbon partitioning, Zostera marina, Elkhorn Slough, plants, estuarine, benthic, marsh, ecologyd^eelgrass, Zostera marina, wetlands restoration, benthic infauna, Elkhorn Slough, invertebrates4 Effluentdelasmobranch, shark, invertebrate, Elkhorn Slough, staghorn sculpin, leopard shark, innkeeper worm, benthic, marine, estuary, foraging, prey, digestion, physiology, ecology, ichthyologyelasmobranches, shark, invertebrate, Elkhorn Slough, staghorn sculpin, leopard shark, innkeeper worm, benthic, marine, estuary, foraging, prey, digestion, physiology, ecology, ichthyologyelasmobranchs, shark, invertebrate, Elkhorn Slough, staghorn sculpin, leopard shark, innkeeper worm, benthic, marine, estuary, foraging, prey, digestion, physiology, ecology, ichthyologyElkhorn Slough0*Elkhorn Slough (Calif) Aerial photographs.Elkhorn Slough Research Reserve, Plants, Recruitment, Jaumea, Elkhorn Slough, salt marsh, zonation, disturbance, Salicornia, dodder, competition, succession, colonization, pickleweed, estuary, benthic, intertidal, ecologyElkhorn Slough will be used if study occured in the Slough, if organisms were collected in Slough or if Elkhorn Slough is mentioned as one of the study areasElkhorn Slough, Periodic Cycles, Ecology, Reproductive System, Gastropoda, Algae, Angiosperms, Animals, Invertebrates, Microorganisms, Mollusks, Plants, Diatom, Diet, Zostera marinaElkhorn Slough, 2,4 D, microbial mats, bacteria, abundance, productivity, xenobiotic, organic contaminant, Marine Ecology, Microbiology, Pesticides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, herbicide, Metabolic Pathways, Chemical Transformation, Marine Sediment\YElkhorn Slough, agriculture, plants, terrestrial, marsh, ecology, monitoring, restorationXSElkhorn Slough, animals, plants, wetlands, habitat degradation, resource managementXUElkhorn Slough, architecture, restoration, wetlands, grasslands, estuary, terrestrialTOElkhorn Slough, Azevedo Marsh, estuary, marsh, habitat restoration, management,Elkhorn Slough, Azevedo Ranch, agriculture, wetland, estuary, terrestrial, pollution, resource management, conservation, restoration, pesticides, invertebrates, plants. Elkhorn Slough, bibliography,(Elkhorn Slough, biochemistry, physiologyElkhorn Slough, birds, egrets, marine, estuary, shallow water, mudflats, ecology, feeding ecology, distribution, abundance, behaviorElkhorn Slough, birds, foraging, shorebird distribution, estuarine, intertidal, marsh, ecology, habitat comparisons, sediment typesElkhorn Slough, birds, peregrine falcons, terrestrial, pollution, contaminants, toxicology, species conservation, migratory birds$ King, A.E. Cailliet, G.M. 199260The Elkhorn Slough Shark Derby: Past and presentChondros32 1-4r esfbF fishes, chondrichthys, elasmobranches, Elkhorn Slough, sharks, rays, marine, fishing, catch data, size, sex ratio, abundances, ecology, population biology, catch-release, tagging82This short article discusses: 1) the history of the Elkhorn Slough Shark Derby, 2) data collected from the earlier derbies by Dr. Earl S. Herald of the California Academy of Sciences, 3) data collected by Moss Landing Marine Labs starting in 1970s 4) the catch-tag-release program that began in the 1980sKitazono, L.W. 1978leThe chemical effects of an industrial effluent on the nearshore sediments at Moss Landing, California San Francsico, CAl F@Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Francisco State University M.A. Thesis esfMKaiser Refractory ocean outfall; Moss Landing Harbor/Elkhorn Slough; pH; Effluent; aquatic toxicology, sediment chemistry, pollution, environmental impact, benthicnEighty-one samples were taken around Kaiser Refractories' ocean outfall at Moss Landing, and nine sediment samples were taken at the control station located near the mile entrance buoy to Moss Landing harbor. The sampling period was from August 1976 to August 1977. Sediment samples were analyzed for interstitial pH, particulate calcium and magnesium, total organic carbon and sediment grain size. Significant negative correlations were observed between interstitial pH and distance from the diffuser. The processes which probably accounted for the observed correlations were: 1) diffusions of Kaiser's high pH effluent into the sediment; 2) dissolution of calcium carbonate fragments that were found in the sediment; and 3) variations in sediment grain size. All samples containing anomalously high calcium concentrations were located 6 m or closer to Kaiser's diffuser. The observed high calcium concentrations were caused by calcium carbonate fragments in the sediments. These fragments were pieces of encrusting precipitate which lined the innner port walls of the diffuser. The fragments were sheared off by discharging effluent and also were blasted off during port cleaning. Although chemical anomalies were observed in the sediemnt near the outfall, the areal extent of anomalies was small, and large volumes of sand migrate seasonally around the outfall. Therefore, the area with anomalous sediment chemistry was not only small, but also was an area where sediment movement will dissipate the effects of the effluent. Kleinrichert, S.P.?? Moss Landing Wildlife Area ,&California Department of Fish and Game47 Report esflRn\Ushore birds, marine reserve, Elkhorn Slough, conservation, resource management, birds\4.Conclusions: The unique geographic setting along with the historic uses of the Moss Landing Wildlife Area has enabled it to become a primary haven for many species of waterfowl foraging, roosting, and breeding there. It has also become an important pit-stop for migrating species along the Pacific Coast. Thus, the purpose of the MLWA today, in preserving this precious waterfowl habitat, is extremely critical in a time in which increased human population is constantly threatening the destruction of many important unprotected waterfowl areas. The DF&G, as primary managers of the MLWA, have developed a very well thought out Management Plan, which will provide for the best interests of the waterfowl in the area, at all times of the year. The DF&G has focused much of their attention towards restoration efforts so far so that the area can be managed in the way the Management Plan specifies. However, when one steps away from everything and focuses in on the MLWA from the "BIG PICTURE" point of view, the conclusion can be made that the major component lacking is a work and monitoring program to implement the Management Plan. When a work and monitoring plan is developed for the Managment Plan, and is implemented, is when the management of the MLWA will be most beneficial to the waterfowl it is being managed for. Kronschnabl, K. 1985jdThe effects of a coarse grain sediment placed on a mudflat in the Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories18 Unpublished Student Report esf=GXRElkhorn Slough, invertebrates, infauna, estuarine, benthic, ecology, sediment typeRKTo determine if the emplacement of sand on the Elkhorn Slough Estuarine Sanctuary has an effect on the diversity and abundances of infaunal invertebrates, six wooden frames were placed on an intertidal mudflat. Three of the frames contained medium grain sand and three contained the mud present in the sanctuary. These replicates and three more replicates of mud without frames (controls) were allowed to sit for four weeks. After sampling the replicates, very few differences could be detected between treatments. All three treatments were low in diversity and the abundance of each species was the same except for a significant decrease in the polychaete Streblospio benedicti found in the sand replicates. An increase of sediment on top of the sand replicates was possitively correlatd with an increase in the overall number of individuals."Kudenov, J. D. Blake, J. A. 1985QA new species of Pseudeurythoe (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) from Central Californiau   >7Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciencese841a 38-40a esf,InAnimals, Annelids, Invertebrates, Taxonomy, comparative Anatomy, Systematic Zoology, Ecology, Animal Distribution, Elkhorn Slough, marine, intertidal, Pseudeurythoe reductaA new intertidal amphinomid polychaete of the genus Pseudeurythoe [P. reducta], is described from the Elkhorn Slough in central California. The species is compared to related congeners. Kukowski, G.E. 1972A checklist of the fishes of the Monterey Bay area including Elkhorn Slough, the San Lorenzo, Pajaro and Salinas Rivers: Annual Report, Part 2 Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories72Technical PublicationrCASUC-MLML-TP-72-02s esfeFoTMFishes, taxonomy, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, ecology, distribution0*A data compilation consisting of lists of tables identifying the fishes of the Monterey Bay Area. The first table presents all the species reported in the bay area including the river and slough areas. There follows tables identifying: fishes not yet reported in Monterey Bay but whose ranges include the area; fishes reported and literature sources; fishes reported from Elkhorn Slough, from the San Lorenzo River, from the Pajaro River, and from the Salinas River. A well documented list of literature sources with more than 190 references is included. 8jMarcus, Laurel 1991Elkhorn SloughCalifornia Coast & Ocean74\ 8-11 esfdR@9Estuary, habitat conservation, California, Elkhorn SloughCitizens of northern Monterey County worked successfully together to save a major coastal estuary from destruction. The next challenge: how to help farms and wetlands thrive as neighbors. Marcus, Laurel 1991 Cultivating good neighborsCalifornia Coast & Ocean7t4n 14, 29 esfRoLFEstuary, habitat conservation, California, Elkhorn Slough, agricultureSo the slough had ben "saved". But was it really? To protect the ecosystem from ongoing damage, some imaginative new projects were launched.Marcus, Laurel 1991Slough confessionsCalifornia Coast & Ocean74t 12-13,16-28r esfRB@9Estuary, habitat conservation, California, Elkhorn Slough<Those who led the struggle to protect Elkhorn Slough share a vision - each from his own perspective (includes interviews with Mark Silberstein, Louis Calcagno, Marc Del Piero, Bruce Elliott, John Oliver, Craig Pritchard). Marelli, D.C.c 1981jNew records for Caprellidae in California, USA, and notes on a morphological variant of Caprella verrucosa X :3Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington943654-662D esfI6/Crustaceans, Invertebrates, San Francisco, Elkhorn Slough, California, Caprella alaskana, Caprella mutica, Caprella acanthogaster humboltiensis, Caprella scaura, Estuary, Monterey Bay, Humboldt, Ecology, Comparative Anatomy, Animal Distribution, taxonomy, natural history, marine, benthic, invertebratesCRecent collections of caprellid amphipods from Humboldt Bay, San Francisco Bay, and Elkhorn Slough (a small estuary associated with Monterey Bay), California have yielded specimens of C. scaura new to North America, and C. alaskana, representing southern range extension. Specimens of C. mutica were also collected, and C. acanthogaster humboldtiensis is treated as a junior synonym of C. mutica. Notes are included on an undescribed morphological variant of C. verrucosa. Marrack, L. Lowe, T. 1993bThe relationship between elevation and Salicornia virginica die-back in Elkhorn Slough, California ' ;  Moss Landing, CA & Moss Landing Marine Laboratories13 Unpublished Student Report esfPlfElkhorn Slough, plants, pickleweed, salt marsh, Salicornia, intertidal, estuary, ecology, conservationElkhorn Slough is an example of the worldwide loss of marsh habitat. Rapid erosion along channels is one cause of marsh vegetation loss that has been documented. However, death of the dominant species Salicornia virginica is occuring in large inner marsh areas that are not associated with channels. Reasons for this die-back area not obvious. Possibilities for inner marsh die-back include erosion of substrate, changes in soil nutrients and salinity, pollution, and, most likely, increased tidal immersion. As a first step in determing why Salicornia is dying in Elkhorn Slough, this study tested for differences in relative elevation between healthy, thinning, and dead patches of Salicornia. Three sites were selected in the upper slough near Kirby Park to illustrate a range of pickleweed cover. At every site, percent cover and elevation measurments were taken in 12 0.5 sq. m quadrats using stratified random sampling. Sampling was stratified to insure that the range of Salicornia coverage was included in the data. At two of the sites there was a statistically significant relationship between elevation and percent of succulent Salicornia cover. One site represented a higher marsh than the others and did not show any relationship between Salicornia health and elevation. Although the leveler was precise, moving it from site to site introduced errors in elevation measurement and confounded comparisons between sites. However, the measurments in this study suggest that there is a significant relationship between Salicornia health and elevation above sea level in the Kirby Park area of Elkhorn Slough. Tidal inundation, usually dependent on elevation above sea level, has been shown in other studies to have an important effect on pickleweek health. It is possible that the low-lying, waterlogged marsh substratum of the slough could have settling enough in the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake to have caused increases in tidal inundation and subsequent Salicornia die-back. Permanant bench marks that have dropped in elevation between 1977 and 1992 support this hypothesis. Further inquiry into the effects of Enteromorpha mats, pollution, and other factors of Salicornia are essential before any conclusions regarding the loss of inner marsh at Elkhorn Slough are made. B8 (!Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 19832,Moss Landing Power Plant and Marine Terminal Moss Landing, CA & Pacific Gas and Electric Company 274a Oil Spill Contingency Plan esfoM b\Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, marine, coastal, oil spill, environmental impact, human impactThis contingency plan is organized to provide the user with a logical format for conducting a response to an oil spill. Section 100 gives PG&E policy regarding oil spills and lists the scope and format of the plan. Section 200 describes PG&E's oil spill response organization, assigns specific spill response duties to specified PG&E personnel, and provides procedures for notifying government agencies of a spill occurrance. Section 300 provides detailed instructions and procedures for responding to oil spills in Monterey Bay. Section 400 lists site-specific information and response actions for the shoreline of Monterey Bay. Section 500 contains information on government agencies, oil spill equipment resources, oil disposal practices and training.,&Page, G.W. Stenzel, L.E. Kjelmyr, J.E. 1999xqOverview of shorebird abundance and distribution in wetlands of the Pacific Coast of the contiguous United Statesn The Condor 101.3 461-471, esfdB=shorebirds, Calidris alpina, dunlin, Charadriiformes, Calidris mauri, western sandpiper, Birds, Animals, Wildlife Management, USA, Pacific Coast, Conservation, Ecology, Terrestrial, Breeding, Relative Abundance, Wetland Distribution, Elkhorn Slough, estuary, census, Charadrii60We coordinated censuses from April 1988 to April 1995 to obtain an overview of shorebird abundance and distribution in Pacific Coast wetlands of the contiguous United States. We attempted to acquire at least 3 years of data for all major wetlands from counts within a short time window each fall, winter, and spring. Fourteen abundant, 8 moderately abundant, and 21 rare-to-uncommon species were recorded. For temperate-zone breeders, peak periods of abundance were fall or winter and, when discernible for arctic breeders, mostly fall or spring. Arctic breeders were relatively more abundant than temperate-zone breeders in Oregon and Washington wetlands. All five of the most abundant temperate breeders were limited primarily to California wetlands in all seasons. Only for Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri) and Dunlin (C. alpina) did the estimated total individuals present simultaneously in all wetlands exceed 100,000. Fifty-six of 66 sites surveyed had at least four counts and at least 100 shorebirds on one or more counts; 38 of the 56 sites held at least 1% of 1 of 13 key species during at least one season. San Francisco Bay accounted for 24-96% of the estimated totals for key species; Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, Humboldt Bay, Tomales Bay, Point Reyes Esteros, Bolinas Lagoon, Elkhorn Slough, Morro Bay, Mugu Lagoon, Bolsa Chica, Mission Bay, and San Diego Bay held at least 1% of at least half the key species in at least one season. The usefulness of five criteria for selecting key wetlands for shorebird conservation are examined and potential threats are discussed. F. Parker\ 19866/Survey of the oniscid isopods of Elkhorn Sloughn esfpIE4.invertebrates; Elkhorn Slough; ecology; isopod Patch, D.A. 1979XRThe paleoecology of Elkhorn Slough, California: Implications for human subsistence Department of Anthropology Santa Cruz, CA *#University of California Santa Cruzb 242o Senior Thesis= esfMethnology, archaeology, anthropology, climate changes, ecosytems, subsistence strategy, foraging, Elkhorn SLough, humans, plants, invertebrates, terrestrial This thesis touched on a number of relevant aspects of evaluating aboriginal lifeways; or seeking an understanding of lost worlds. Only scattered bits of information about Ohlone lifestyle -- bits of mythology, verse, and ideology -- have survived the barage of changes brought on by Europeans. What little else we know ethnographically creates something of a framework by which to interpret archaeological information, and ecological surroundings as they may have affected the aboriginal lifestyle. It should be noted here that dates derived from archaeological sites in the Elkhorn Slough area (ca. AD300 for Ca-Mnt-698; ca. 3000BC for Ca-Mnt-414) predate the linguistically evidenced infiltration of the Ohlone into this area. However, the desert side-notched point found at Mnt-415 which was attributed with a date of around AD 1765, as well as documentation of the early Spaniards attest to Ohlone inhabitation of the same area during later times. Thus the Ohlone provide a model for a subsistence strategy which must have been used, in much the same manner, by their predecessors. In any case, utilization of shellfish as a food resource, probably supplementing an acorn-based diet, is part of a very long-lived subsistence adaptation in this area. Understanding ecological surroundings, and fluctuations in environmental regimes, presents a template for viewing former subsistence strategies. The present area ecology, geological history, and general trends in the ecological habitat can illustrate what resources were available for human subsistence utilization. People, then, have been viewed as a part of the ecological community. By looking at their remains in an archaeological capacity, we have examined the possibility of past fluctuations in local ecology -- specifically, changes in the hydrographic and habitat regimes of Elkhorn Slough -- and evaluated probable effects on local peoples. Although fluctuations in the ecology of Elkhorn Slough may have caused disturbance in the local population equilibrium of the people, no population upset could have been so drastic as that imposed on the natives by the Spanish, and later climaxed by the Anglo-Americans. Although, in many respects, this thesis has asked more questions than it has answered, an effort has been directed at shedding some light on one aspect of the lost Ohlone world -- subsistence strategy and how it was applied to changing ecosystems. The Ohlone of the Calendarruc tribelet, and others who may have utilized the resources of Elkhorn Slough, were somewhat buffered from the change in ecological regimes by the wealth of their overall environment, and by the fluidity of the resource utilization pattern. Had shellfish been a year-round "staple" in the diet, consequences may have been far more extreme.$> Patch, D. Jones, T.s 1984^WPaleoenvironmental change at Elkhorn Slough: implications for human adaptive strategies82Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology6 19-34rM60Elkhorn Slough; Archaeological Data, archaeology @9Philip Williams & Associates, Moffatt & Nichol Engineers, 19924-Elkhorn Slough tidal hydraulics erosion study San Francisco, CA 4-Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers2 129 Report esf1WxrElkhorn Slough, estuarine, geology, hydrology, resource management, mitigation, erosion, human impact, restoration@:The purpose of this present study is to determine if the Corps' Moss Landing Harbor Navigation Project has caused, or is causing, any erosion of the vegetated marshlands in Elkhorn Slough. The study will also examine other possible causes that may have led to the current erosion condition at Elkhorn Slough. Lastly, the study will evaluate and recommend solutions to the current erosion problems that exist at Elkhorn Slough. Conclusions: 1) The pre-1946 slough system had undergone significant alterations from a pristine condition. The most important of these were the 1910 diversionof the Salinas River and the diking and draining of various wetland areas. These changes have resulted in large scale subsidence of several feet; subsidence in the South Marsh/Parson's slough area was especially important. 2) The 1946 opening of the new harbor entrance and maintenance of the dredged entrance channel allowed for full tidal exchange. The resulting higher tidal velocities initiated rapid eronsion in the downstream reaches of Elkhorn Slough. A maximum degradation of about 15 vertical feet has occurred and currently the channel is actively widening in response to the increased channel depths. To date, an estimated 1.2 milion cy of material have been eroded from the system. It appears that the channel and bank erosion is preceeding upstream and over time, more active erosion in the upper slough reaches may occur. 3) The levee breaches of 1983-84 significantly increased the tidal prism to downstream reaches. It is estimated that the breaches are responsible for a depth increase of about 3 feet and an increase in channel cross-section of about 33% in the reaches below the Parson's Slough/Elkhorn Slough junction. 4) A sill across the channel at the Highway 1 bridge can be designed to reduce tidal circulation and associated erosion. A sill across the Parson's Slough at the SPRR bridge in the Reserve also appears desirable. 5) The geomorphic response of the system to these structures will be gradual. Erosion will continue to occur until the sough invert is raised by subsequent deposition.>7Phillips, R.E. Gutoff, D.I. Hansen, J.E. Hardwick, J.E. 19868Distribution of major marine macrophytes, seasonal estimates of Gracilaria standing crop, and spawning activities of the Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasii, in Elkhorn Slough, California; 1979-1982 @ J   California Fish and Game724232-243 esf P, FElkhorn Slough, Moss Landing Harbor, Vertebrates, Chordates, fishes, Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, eelgrass, Zostera marina, red algae, Gracilaria, reproduction, estuary, marine, reproduction, animal, plant, ecology$Marine vegetation surveys and Pacific herring spawn assessments were carried out in Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough, California for three consecutive herring spawning seasons (1979-80 to 1981-82). The red alga Gracilaria sp. and the marine vascular plant Zostera marina (eelgrass) are the major macrophyte substrate available for herring spawn deposition. Gracilaria standing crops varied considerably among years and locations within the study area. The standing crop of Gracilaria in Elkhorn Slough was physically reduced each winter by storm runoff and strong tidal currents. Biomass estimates of spawning herring were calculated from each season's egg depoits. During the 1979-80 season, an estimated 0.4 short ton of herring spawned on Gracilaria. Biomass estimates of spawning herring for the 1980-81 and 1981-82 seasons were based on all plant substrata and were 0.1 and 0.6 short tons respectively. The density of herring spawn deposition observed in Moss Landing Harbor and Elkhorn Slough was consistently very light (<=0.25 egg layers).tmultiple copies (2)f Phillips, P.T. 1988D>California State Mussel Watch: Ten year data summary 1977-1987 Sacramento, CA *#State Water Resources Control Boardd 365o&Water Quality Monitoring Report/No. 87-3 esf9IInvertebrates, Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus, water quality, biomonitoring, pollution, aquatic toxicology, Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, Salinas River, Pajaro RiverThis report summarizes the results of the California State Mussel Watch (SMW) program rom 1977-1987. The SMW program monitors long-term trends in pollutant concentrations in marine organisms, identifies locations where higher than expected concentrations of pollutants exist, and provides the evidence needed to initiate follow-up studies and actions to detect, correct, and clean-up sources of pollutions. The report is organized as follows: 1) standards, criteria, and comparisons that are used to evaluate SMW results are listed in Tables 1-11 on pages 3-12. 2) trace metal results are listed in Tables 12 and 13 on pages 13-94 3) trace metal results that exceed standards, criteria, and comparison data are listed in Tables 14 and 15 on pages 95-140. 4) synthetic organic chemical results are listed in Tables 16 and 17 on pages 141-272. 5) organic results that exceed standards, criteria, and comparison data are listed in Tables 18, 19, and 20 on pages 273-313. 6) field and laboratory procedures used by the SMW program are detailed in Appendix A. 7) Station location information is listed in Appendix B. 8) Maps showing the SMW station locations are contained in Appendix C.  Pine, D.S. 19682+Water bird counts at Elkhorn Slough 1967-68 ,&California Department of Fish and Game24 Report esfBElkhorn Slough, Vertebrates, birds, shorebirds, water birds, marine, estuary, mudflats, ecology, distribution, abundance, baseline characterizationWater bird counts were made at Elkhorn Slough, Monterey County, California, monthly from Jan 12, 1967 to June 15, 1967; and twice monthly from July 5, 1967 to June 26, 1968. Counts were made at eight stations. A total of 89 species of water-associated birds were identified. The most numerous species was the northern phalarope with brown pelican and American coot in decreasing abundance. Highest total count was made October 11, 1967 (21,160) and lowest count May 18, 1967 (1,132).  B. T. Pittman 1995@9Upland Conservation Tactics for Protecting Elkhorn Slough San Jose San Jose State Universitye49April 21, 1995 report esfbM4.Elkhorn Slough; conservation; Estuaries; marsh